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Common causes of infertility of females include: ovulation problems (e.g. polycystic ovarian syndrome, PCOS, the leading reason why women present to fertility clinics due to anovulatory infertility.[58]) tubal blockage pelvic inflammatory disease caused by infections like tuberculosis age-related factors uterine problems previous tubal ligation endometriosis advanced maternal age immune infertility Males[edit] The main cause of male infertility is low semen quality. Affected individuals displayed more severe forms of infertility such as azoospermia and severe oligozoospermia.[27] Other causes[edit] Factors that can cause male as well as female infertility are: DNA damage DNA damage reduces fertility in female ovocytes, as caused by smoking,[28] other xenobiotic DNA damaging agents (such as radiation or chemotherapy)[29] or accumulation of the oxidative DNA damage 8-hydroxy-deoxyguanosine[30] DNA damage reduces fertility in male sperm, as caused by oxidative DNA damage,[31] smoking,[28] other xenobiotic DNA damaging agents (such as drugs or chemotherapy)[32] or other DNA damaging agents including reactive oxygen species, fever or high testicular temperature.[33] The damaged DNA related to infertility manifests itself by the increased susceptibility to denaturation inducible by heat or acid [34] or by the presence of double-strand breaks that can be detected by the TUNEL assay.[35] General factors Diabetes mellitus,[36][37] thyroid disorders,[38] undiagnosed and untreated coeliac disease,[39][40][41][42] adrenal disease[43] Hypothalamic-pituitary factors Hyperprolactinemia Hypopituitarism The presence of anti-thyroid antibodies is associated with an increased risk of unexplained subfertility with an odds ratio of 1. There are tests that may tell if you have fertility problems.

In most cases however, sperm function may not improve and therefore any attempts at pregnancy may require additional treatments or procedures performed by our clinic. An adequate semen analysis includes the following: Volume (1. Your physician will examine you carefully to determine if you have fibroids and if removal is necessary. Risk factors for the formation of antisperm antibodies in men include the breakdown of the blood‑testis barrier, trauma and surgery, orchitis, varicocele, infections, prostatitis, testicular cancer, failure of immunosuppression and unprotected receptive anal or oral sex with men.[23][24] Sexually transmitted infections[edit] Infections with the following sexually transmitted pathogens have a negative effect on fertility: Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae.

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The basic work-up, or fertility evaluation, includes: Semen analysis of the male partner. Microscopic Vasectomy Reversal. (PDF, 31 MB) Fertility and Sterility, 1977. ZIFT is often called “tubal embryo transfer.” As with IVF, the actual fertilization of the eggs is observed and confirmed in the laboratory.

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Before performing a tubocornual anastomosis, the patient should have a diagnostic laparoscopy associated with tubal cannulation by hysteroscopy. [139, 140, 141] If one tube remains open, anastomosis is not needed because pregnancy can be achieved in 50% of cases. Submucosal fibroids: Benign or non-cancerous tumors occur in the muscular wall of the uterus. Adolescents with a varicocele and testicular atrophy or lack of growth should similarly consider repair. The incidence rate of ectopic pregnancy after surgery is in the range of 5%. Both pituitary insufficiency and pituitary excess cause infertility.

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Lifetime prevalence of infertility and infertility treatment in the UK: results from a population-based survey of reproduction. The main side effects are hot flushes, gastrointestinal events (nausea and vomiting), headache, back pain, and leg cramps. Risk factors for both men and women are the same and these include age, stress, being underweight or overweight, diet, smoking, alcohol and drugs. A woman with a suspicion of chronic anovulation most probably due to polycystic ovary (PCO) syndrome, as there is a long history of irregular cycles and clinical presentation with hirsutism, her serum levels of testosterone hormone, sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG), dihydroepiandrostenedione (DHEA), dihydroepiandrostenedione-sulfate (DHEAS) and prolactin should be evaluated to prove the provisional diagnosis and to detect the source of excess androgens. In order to maximize the patient’s chances for successful fertilization, physicians typically use ovarian stimulation medications rather than using the single egg normally developed each cycle. Other medical techniques are e.g. tuboplasty, assisted hatching, and preimplantation genetic diagnosis. One of the best known is the HFEA – The UK's regulator for fertility treatment and embryo research. Premature Ejaculation: Is defined as an inability to control the ejaculatory response for at least thirty seconds following penetration.  Premature ejaculation becomes a fertility problem when ejaculation occurs before a man is able to fully insert his penis into his partner�s vagina.  Premature ejaculation can be overcome by artificial insemination or by using a behavioral modification technique called the �squeeze technique� which desensitizes the penis. Paternal age > or = 40 years: an important risk factor for infertility. Diagnosis requires a physical examination and semen analysis What is infertility? Infertility in Men Below you will find a list of some of the most common causes of infertility in men. For instance, women with hyper or hypo-thyroidism sometimes have ovulation problems.