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Low weight: Obesity is not the only way in which weight can impact fertility. In certain advanced laparoscopic procedures, where the size of the specimen being removed would be too large to pull out through a trocar site (as would be done with a gallbladder), an incision larger than 10 mm must be made. Some problems stop an egg being released at all, while others prevent an egg being released during some cycles but not others. 22 Treatment of Male Infertility Jump to section + Underlying etiology determines the therapeutic course, although male infertility is unexplained in 40% to 50% of cases. Severe ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome is characterized by easily palpable ovaries, severe ascites, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, shortness of breath, hydrothorax, peripheral edema, oliguria, hemoconcentration (eg, hematocrit level >48% and hemoglobin level >16 g), and creatinine level greater than 1. Mental stress: This may affect female ovulation and male sperm production and can lead to reduced sexual activity.

Gonadotrophins for idiopathic male factor subfertility. However, medical treatment can be used to reduce the myoma size prior to removal. It stimulates the ovaries to mature egg follicles.

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Germ cells (precursors to spermatozoa) are derived from the gonadal ridge and migrate to the testicle before testicular descent. Transmission of Male Infertility to Future Generations: Lessons from the Y Chromosome. (PDF, 303 KB) Human Reproduction Update, 2002. Electric or vibratory stimulation to achieve ejaculation: Ejaculation is achieved with electric or vibratory stimulation. This can reveal signs of endometriosis, scarring, blockages, and some irregularities of the uterus and fallopian tubes.

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Affected individuals displayed more severe forms of infertility such as azoospermia and severe oligozoospermia.[27] Other causes[edit] Factors that can cause male as well as female infertility are: DNA damage DNA damage reduces fertility in female ovocytes, as caused by smoking,[28] other xenobiotic DNA damaging agents (such as radiation or chemotherapy)[29] or accumulation of the oxidative DNA damage 8-hydroxy-deoxyguanosine[30] DNA damage reduces fertility in male sperm, as caused by oxidative DNA damage,[31] smoking,[28] other xenobiotic DNA damaging agents (such as drugs or chemotherapy)[32] or other DNA damaging agents including reactive oxygen species, fever or high testicular temperature.[33] The damaged DNA related to infertility manifests itself by the increased susceptibility to denaturation inducible by heat or acid [34] or by the presence of double-strand breaks that can be detected by the TUNEL assay.[35] General factors Diabetes mellitus,[36][37] thyroid disorders,[38] undiagnosed and untreated coeliac disease,[39][40][41][42] adrenal disease[43] Hypothalamic-pituitary factors Hyperprolactinemia Hypopituitarism The presence of anti-thyroid antibodies is associated with an increased risk of unexplained subfertility with an odds ratio of 1. Two hormones signal to the testes to make sperm and testosterone: luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone. Treatment of tubal obstruction generally requires referral for subspecialty care. Distribution of Spermatogenesis in the Testicles of Azoospermic Men: The Presence of Spermatids in the Testes of Men with Germinal Failure. (PDF, 295 KB) Human Reproduction, 1997.

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Some facts about conception and fertility A doctor can give advice and carry out some preliminary assessments. Dealing with Fertility Problems After Vasectomy Reversal. (PDF, 7 MB) Contemporary OB/GYN, 1978. The dye outlines the cavity of the uterus and spills out of the fallopian tubes. The facilities available and the skills of personnel are the major determining factors for the success rate. Anabolic steroids: Popular with bodybuilders and athletes, long-term use can seriously reduce sperm count and mobility. This test measures the ability of the sperm to penetrate a specially prepared egg from an animal, usually a hamster. However, given that fertility in women is known to decline steadily with age, some providers evaluate and treat women aged ≥35 years after 6 months of intercourse without the use of contraception (1). Thus women whose pregnancy spontaneously miscarries, or whose pregnancy results in a still born child, without ever having had a live birth would present with primarily infertility. (Trends in prevalence4). Demographic definitions of infertility An inability of those of reproductive age (15-49 years) to become or remain pregnant within five years of exposure to pregnancy. (DHS2) An inability to become pregnant with a live birth, within five years of exposure based upon a consistent union status, lack of contraceptive use, non-lactating and maintaining a desire for a child. (Trends in prevalence4). Ultrasound can detect uterine abnormalities such as fibroids and polyps, distal fallopian tube occlusion, and ovarian abnormalities including ovarian cysts. Erectile dysfunction or premature ejaculation: Medication, behavioral approaches, or both may help improve fertility.