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Epidemiological definition of infertility (for monitoring and surveillance) Women of reproductive age (15–49 years) at risk of becoming pregnant (not pregnant, sexually active, not using contraception and not lactating) who report trying unsuccessfully for a pregnancy for two years or more. (Reproductive Health Indicators) Infertility as a disability Disability: Infertility generates disability (an impairment of function), and thus access to health care falls under the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disability. In addition to the alteration of menstrual periods and infertility, chronic anovulation can cause or exacerbate other long term problems, such as hyperandrogenism or osteopenia. Prevalence of Premature Ovarian Failure in Monozygotic and Dizygotic Twins. (PDF, 90 KB) Human Reproduction, 2007. High Fertilization and Pregnancy Rate after Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection with Spermatozoa Obtained from Testicle Biopsy. (PDF, 3 MB) Human Reproduction, 1995. 48 However, there is no firm evidence that preconception counseling leads to increased live birth rates, in part because no studies on this topic have been performed. However, about one in five cases of infertility has no clear diagnosed cause.[73] In Britain, male factor infertility accounts for 25% of infertile couples, while 25% remain unexplained.

Success rates for induction of ovulation vary considerably and depend on the age of the woman, the type of medication used, the presence of other infertility factors present in the couple and other reasons. 10 Data Sources: A PubMed search was completed using the key terms infertility, subfertility, treatment, etiology, and diagnosis.

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Afterward, radiographs are taken and the contrast material can be seen in the abdominal cavity if the tubes are pervious. Most surgical treatment for endometriosis is currently performed through operative laparoscopy. [145, 146, 147] Laparotomy has been relegated to the treatment of severe disease or if a need for hysterectomy arises. [145] Medical treatment Medical treatment is directed toward suppressing estrogen production by the ovary.

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Mumps: If this occurs after puberty, inflammation of the testicles may affect sperm production. Surgical procedure to conserve the uterus for future pregnancy in patients suffering from massive adenomyosis.(PDF, 958 KB) Reproductive BioMedicine Online, 2010. Small, firm testicles The testes house a man’s sperm, so testicle health is paramount to male fertility. In other cases, the cause is suspected to be immunological or genetic; it may be that each partner is independently fertile but the couple cannot conceive together without assistance. For conception, sperm must reach the cervix, penetrate the cervical mucus, migrate up the uterus to the fallopian tube, undergo capacitation and the acrosome reaction to digest the zona pellucida of the oocyte, attach to the inner membrane, and release its genetic contents within the egg. The only known risk factor for Klinefelter syndrome is advanced maternal age.

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Radiation therapy: If this is aimed near the reproductive organs, it can increase the risk of fertility problems. However, future pregnancy is possible with the other ovary and tube. Infant Source : Fertility And Family Fembryo PPT Presentation Summary : FERTILITY AND FAMILY. Several studies have demonstrated that an increase in BMI is correlated with a decrease in sperm concentration, a decrease in motility and an increase DNA damage in sperm. Eating disorders: If an eating disorder leads to serious weight loss, fertility problems may arise. That means they have abnormal or low sperm counts for no identifiable reason.