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There are also a number of sperm production problems that can contribute to infertility, including: Scrotal varicose veins (varicoceles)  Scrotal varicose veins (varicoceles) are swollen veins causing your testicles to get hotter and affect the production of sperm  These are treated with surgery  Testicular injury   Serious trauma to the testicles such as becoming twisted (torsion) can affect sperm production  Damage from playing sports or an accident can rupture the vessels that supply blood to the testicles  Previous injuries can’t be treated, but an ART treatment may help you to conceive Undescended testicles  In the uterus, baby boys’ testicles form in their abdomen and descend into their scrotum shortly before birth  Some men’s testicles don’t descend before they are born (cryptorchidism), although in these cases they usually drop in the first six months after birth  If left untreated, undescended testicles can affect fertility Testicular cancer  This happens when a malignant tumour in the testicle destroys testicular tissue  If undetected, testicular cancer can spread to other parts of the body  This is treated either by surgery, medication, radiotherapy or chemotherapy  However, cancer therapy can also damage sperm production  Genetic defects  Sometimes, genetic information on the Y chromosome (which is only present in men) is deleted (micro-deletions),6 which can reduce the production of sperm  Depending on where the micro-deletion is on the chromosome, this may be treated by surgically extracting sperm from part of your reproductive tract  However, some couples may need to consider using a donor sperm to conceive Mumps Contracting mumps (or mumps-related orchitis) after puberty may damage the sperm-producing cells in your testicles,  causing infertility or subfertility7 Usually, only one testicle is affected and if you have one functioning testicle you may not need treatment  However, some couples may need to use a sperm donor in order to conceive Anti-sperm antibodies  Anti-sperm antibodies are large proteins in your blood that are hostile to sperm  They can cause sperm to clump together and prevent them from swimming, or they may mistake sperm cells for an infection and try to destroy them  This can be treated using an ART treatment   Lifestyle   Sperm production can be affected by a range of lifestyle factors, including smoking, drinking, drugs, stress, overweight and unhealthy food Environmental factors can also affect your sperm quality, including overheating of your testicles, some sexual lubricants, the chemicals involved in certain manufacturing, painting or printing jobs   These factors are treated by making lifestyle changes, such as wearing loose clothing to avoid overheating Hormonal problems  Hormonal problems are rarely the cause of male infertility problems  However, some men have a natural deficiency in follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinising hormone (LH), which prevents the testicles from producing testosterone or developing healthy sperm  Hormonal problems can usually be treated with medication Obstruction problems Blocked sperm ducts  Occasionally, male sperm ducts (epididymis and vas deferens) can become blocked, meaning that your semen doesn’t contain any sperm  This can be treated with surgery, or sperm may be surgically extracted from part of your reproductive tract  Vasectomy  Some men have had a previous vasectomy to stop them being able to conceive  This can sometimes be reversed using surgery  The procedure’s success depends on how long ago your vasectomy was performed  Previous infections  Infections can cause scarring or adhesions (organs sticking together) in your sperm ducts  This can usually be treated with surgery  Does age affect male fertility? Endometrial biopsy should be performed only in women with suspected pathology (chronic endometritis or neoplasia). For this reason, a call for low-cost ART protocols have been attempt to reduce the overall current cost of IVF through limiting the rquired laboratory investigations, modifying the stimulation regimen and purchasing low-priced pre-used machines and instruments [35]. Abnormality in any of those regions may indicate abnormal sperm function and compromise the ability of sperm to fertilize the egg.

Excess alcohol consumption: This may lower male fertility. Surgery for epididymal blockage: A blocked epididymis can be surgically repaired. This leads to the final maturation and release of the egg. Treatment of the cause: 24. Ovulation disorders: (Group I) - Weight gain if BMI less than 19. - pulsatile administration of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone or gonadotrophins with luteinising hormone activity to induce ovulation. While orchitis develops a few days after the onset of parotid gland inflammation, it may also precede it.

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Demographic definitions of infertility An inability of those of reproductive age (15-49 years) to become or remain pregnant within five years of exposure to pregnancy. (DHS2) An inability to become pregnant with a live birth, within five years of exposure based upon a consistent union status, lack of contraceptive use, non-lactating and maintaining a desire for a child. (Trends in prevalence4). High-cost treatments are out of financial reach for some couples. Role of Semen Analysis in Subfertile Couples. (PDF, 250 KB) Fertility and Sterility, 2010. Even with the testis shielded, radiation therapy below the diaphragm may lead to infertility due to the release of reactive oxygen free radicals. Sterility is classified into two groups, primary and secondary.

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High Fertilization and Pregnancy Rate after Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection with Spermatozoa Obtained from Testicle Biopsy. (PDF, 3 MB) Human Reproduction, 1995. Surgical procedure to conserve the uterus for future pregnancy in patients suffering from massive adenomyosis.(PDF, 958 KB) Reproductive BioMedicine Online, 2010. The emotional toll on both partners can affect their relationship. We generally recommend seeking the help of a reproductive endocrinologist if conception has not occurred within 12 months. Some men respond with an increase in testosterone levels; many also recover normal sperm counts.

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Extra Renal Function in Patients with Duplication Anomaly: Obligatory and Compensatory Renal Growth. (PDF, 1 MB) The Journal of Urology, 1974. In some women, and especially with age, the membrane becomes harder. Primary infertility When a woman is unable to ever bear a child, either due to the inability to become pregnant or the inability to carry a pregnancy to a live birth she would be classified as having primary infertility. Not PPT Presentation Summary : Infertility Statistics. It also gives them more options in dealing with unexpected adverse events (e.g., uncontrolled bleeding) that may otherwise require creating a much larger incision and converting to a fully open surgical procedure.[5] Conceptually, the laparoscopic approach is intended to minimise post-operative pain and speed up recovery times, while maintaining an enhanced visual field for surgeons. Additionally, the quality of her eggs also decreases increases the chance of chromosomal abnormalities. Regardless of the treatment approach, establish a 6- to 12-month interval during which a spontaneous pregnancy is expected to occur. Chromosomal defects Hereditary disorders, such as Klinefelter’s syndrome (when a male is born with two X chromosomes and one Y chromosome instead of one X and one Y) impacts the normal development of the male reproductive organs. The Treatment of Azoospermia with Surgery and ICSI. (PDF, 4 MB) Chapter 10 from Male Fertility & Infertility, 1998.