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The following is a list of hormonal disorders which can disrupt male infertility: Hyperprolactinemia: Elevated prolactin--a hormone associated with nursing mothers, is found in 10 to 40 percent of infertile males.  Mild elevation of prolactin levels produces no symptoms, but greater elevations of the hormone reduces sperm production, reduces libido and may cause impotence.  This condition responds well to the drug Parlodel (bromocriptine). Affected individuals displayed more severe forms of infertility such as azoospermia and severe oligozoospermia.[27] Other causes[edit] Factors that can cause male as well as female infertility are: DNA damage DNA damage reduces fertility in female ovocytes, as caused by smoking,[28] other xenobiotic DNA damaging agents (such as radiation or chemotherapy)[29] or accumulation of the oxidative DNA damage 8-hydroxy-deoxyguanosine[30] DNA damage reduces fertility in male sperm, as caused by oxidative DNA damage,[31] smoking,[28] other xenobiotic DNA damaging agents (such as drugs or chemotherapy)[32] or other DNA damaging agents including reactive oxygen species, fever or high testicular temperature.[33] The damaged DNA related to infertility manifests itself by the increased susceptibility to denaturation inducible by heat or acid [34] or by the presence of double-strand breaks that can be detected by the TUNEL assay.[35] General factors Diabetes mellitus,[36][37] thyroid disorders,[38] undiagnosed and untreated coeliac disease,[39][40][41][42] adrenal disease[43] Hypothalamic-pituitary factors Hyperprolactinemia Hypopituitarism The presence of anti-thyroid antibodies is associated with an increased risk of unexplained subfertility with an odds ratio of 1. It is more successful in women who have previously been pregnant. The most common identifiable causes of female fertility problems are outlined below: • Ovulatory dysfunction, (or anovulation) where an egg is not released from the ovary every month, is the single most common cause of female infertility.

Diagnostic evaluation of the infertile female: a committee opinion. As treatment begins, couples may experience cycles of optimism and despair with each passing menstrual cycle. Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection and Infertility. (PDF, 53 KB) Nature Genetics, 2001. Intrauterine insemination. For this procedure, after semen gets rinsed with a special solution, a doctor places it into your uterus when you're ovulating. The Prevention of Acute Tubular Necrosis in Renal Transplantation by Chronic Salt Loading of the Recipient. (PDF, 627 KB) ANZ Journal of Surgery, 1974.

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Primary testicular causes of infertility Primary testicular problems may be chromosomal or nonchromosomal in nature. Other medical techniques are e.g. tuboplasty, assisted hatching, and preimplantation genetic diagnosis. Being obese or overweight: This can increase the risk of infertility in women as well as men.

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Causes Potential causes of male infertility are: The complete absence of sperm (azoospermia) Low sperm count (oligospermia) Abnormal sperm shape (teratozoospermia) Problems with sperm movement (asthenozoospermia) Sperm that is completely immobile (necrozoospermia); the sperm may be alive and not moving, or they may be dead Problems with sperm delivery, due to sexual dysfunction, an obstruction, previous vasectomy, or retrograde ejaculation Problems with erections or other sexual problems There are a variety of conditions that may lead to male infertility. Medical treatments[edit] Medical treatment of infertility generally involves the use of fertility medication, medical device, surgery, or a combination of the following. A woman with a suspicion of chronic anovulation most probably due to polycystic ovary (PCO) syndrome, as there is a long history of irregular cycles and clinical presentation with hirsutism, her serum levels of testosterone hormone, sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG), dihydroepiandrostenedione (DHEA), dihydroepiandrostenedione-sulfate (DHEAS) and prolactin should be evaluated to prove the provisional diagnosis and to detect the source of excess androgens.

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For conception to take place, several events should happen correctly and at exactly the right time. In some cases, laparoscopy for infertility will be indicated to look for pelvic scarring or endometriosis As in vitro fertilization success rates have improved dramatically over the past 20 years, laparoscopy for infertility is being done much less than before. Fibroids that distort the uterine cavity have an impact on the ability of an embryo to implant and should be removed surgically. Regression of Metastases after Nephrectomy for Renal Cell Carcinoma. (PDF, 1 MB) British Journal of Urology, 1975. Secondary infertility When a woman is unable to bear a child, either due to the inability to become pregnant or the inability to carry a pregnancy to a live birth following either a previous pregnancy or a previous ability to carry a pregnancy to a live birth, she would be classified as having secondary infertility. Histologic endometrial dating is not considered reliable nor is it predictive of fertility. A review of systems and physical examination of the endocrine and gynecologic systems should be performed. Poor egg quality: Eggs that are damaged or develop genetic abnormalities cannot sustain a pregnancy. The final third may be due to a combination of both, other factors, or unknown causes. This may be used if IVF has not been effective, if there has been poor embryo growth rate, and if the woman is older.