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The epididymis is a coil-like structure in the testicles which helps store and transport sperm. Oligospermia is the most frequent cause of male infertility. Hysterosalpingography: Fluid is injected into the woman's uterus and X-rays are taken to determine whether the fluid travels properly out of the uterus and into the fallopian tubes.

Limits were placed on language and human race as well. This measurement is called the antral follicle count and may correlate with fertility potential. These drugs also can also help you get pregnant by causing your ovaries to release multiple eggs. Laboratory testing – Depending on the results of the evaluation discussed above, your physician may request specific blood tests. Successful Pregnancy after Microsurgical Transplantation of an Intact Ovary. (PDF, 438 KB) The New England Journal of Medicine, 2008. Sherman Silber: Be Fruitful and Multiply. (PDF, 6 MB) Lifestyles Magazine, 1999.

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If the sperm are of good quality and the mechanics of the woman's reproductive structures are good (patent fallopian tubes, no adhesions or scarring), a course of ovulation induction maybe used. Couples will have to consider the ethical and emotional aspects of this procedure. Laparoscopy for Cryptorchidism. (PDF, 1 MB) The Journal of Urology, 1980. Affected individuals displayed more severe forms of infertility such as azoospermia and severe oligozoospermia.[27] Other causes[edit] Factors that can cause male as well as female infertility are: DNA damage DNA damage reduces fertility in female ovocytes, as caused by smoking,[28] other xenobiotic DNA damaging agents (such as radiation or chemotherapy)[29] or accumulation of the oxidative DNA damage 8-hydroxy-deoxyguanosine[30] DNA damage reduces fertility in male sperm, as caused by oxidative DNA damage,[31] smoking,[28] other xenobiotic DNA damaging agents (such as drugs or chemotherapy)[32] or other DNA damaging agents including reactive oxygen species, fever or high testicular temperature.[33] The damaged DNA related to infertility manifests itself by the increased susceptibility to denaturation inducible by heat or acid [34] or by the presence of double-strand breaks that can be detected by the TUNEL assay.[35] General factors Diabetes mellitus,[36][37] thyroid disorders,[38] undiagnosed and untreated coeliac disease,[39][40][41][42] adrenal disease[43] Hypothalamic-pituitary factors Hyperprolactinemia Hypopituitarism The presence of anti-thyroid antibodies is associated with an increased risk of unexplained subfertility with an odds ratio of 1.

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Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome The ovaries can swell, leak excess fluid into the body, and produce too many follicles, the small fluid sacs in which an egg develops. These medications are forms of reproductive Source : Embryo Dispositionoptions PPT Presentation Summary : Nashville Fertility Center Physicians Nursing staff Qualified mental health professional Nashville fertility Center can provide you with names of mental health Source : Fertility Preservation for Cancer Patients PPT Presentation Summary : For female pre-cancer treatment fertility consultation, ... address the possibility of infertility with patients ... of fertility preservation for any reason, Source : Inscribed By Nature PPT Presentation Summary : We seem to think that we can substitute an irreplaceable and irretrievable beauty with something which we have created ourselves”. ARTICLES FROM THE 1990s Microsurgery, Andrology, and Its Role in IVF. (PDF, 6 MB) Chapter in text book, Advances in Assisted Reproductive Technology, 1990.

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Treatment of the cause: 24. Ovulation disorders: (Group I) - Weight gain if BMI less than 19. - pulsatile administration of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone or gonadotrophins with luteinising hormone activity to induce ovulation. This applies to the ability to conceive with her eggs, but not with donor eggs. Role of Epididymis in Sperm Maturation. (PDF, 3 MB) Urology, 1989. There are also a number of sperm production problems that can contribute to infertility, including: Scrotal varicose veins (varicoceles)  Scrotal varicose veins (varicoceles) are swollen veins causing your testicles to get hotter and affect the production of sperm  These are treated with surgery  Testicular injury   Serious trauma to the testicles such as becoming twisted (torsion) can affect sperm production  Damage from playing sports or an accident can rupture the vessels that supply blood to the testicles  Previous injuries can’t be treated, but an ART treatment may help you to conceive Undescended testicles  In the uterus, baby boys’ testicles form in their abdomen and descend into their scrotum shortly before birth  Some men’s testicles don’t descend before they are born (cryptorchidism), although in these cases they usually drop in the first six months after birth  If left untreated, undescended testicles can affect fertility Testicular cancer  This happens when a malignant tumour in the testicle destroys testicular tissue  If undetected, testicular cancer can spread to other parts of the body  This is treated either by surgery, medication, radiotherapy or chemotherapy  However, cancer therapy can also damage sperm production  Genetic defects  Sometimes, genetic information on the Y chromosome (which is only present in men) is deleted (micro-deletions),6 which can reduce the production of sperm  Depending on where the micro-deletion is on the chromosome, this may be treated by surgically extracting sperm from part of your reproductive tract  However, some couples may need to consider using a donor sperm to conceive Mumps Contracting mumps (or mumps-related orchitis) after puberty may damage the sperm-producing cells in your testicles,  causing infertility or subfertility7 Usually, only one testicle is affected and if you have one functioning testicle you may not need treatment  However, some couples may need to use a sperm donor in order to conceive Anti-sperm antibodies  Anti-sperm antibodies are large proteins in your blood that are hostile to sperm  They can cause sperm to clump together and prevent them from swimming, or they may mistake sperm cells for an infection and try to destroy them  This can be treated using an ART treatment   Lifestyle   Sperm production can be affected by a range of lifestyle factors, including smoking, drinking, drugs, stress, overweight and unhealthy food Environmental factors can also affect your sperm quality, including overheating of your testicles, some sexual lubricants, the chemicals involved in certain manufacturing, painting or printing jobs   These factors are treated by making lifestyle changes, such as wearing loose clothing to avoid overheating Hormonal problems  Hormonal problems are rarely the cause of male infertility problems  However, some men have a natural deficiency in follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinising hormone (LH), which prevents the testicles from producing testosterone or developing healthy sperm  Hormonal problems can usually be treated with medication Obstruction problems Blocked sperm ducts  Occasionally, male sperm ducts (epididymis and vas deferens) can become blocked, meaning that your semen doesn’t contain any sperm  This can be treated with surgery, or sperm may be surgically extracted from part of your reproductive tract  Vasectomy  Some men have had a previous vasectomy to stop them being able to conceive  This can sometimes be reversed using surgery  The procedure’s success depends on how long ago your vasectomy was performed  Previous infections  Infections can cause scarring or adhesions (organs sticking together) in your sperm ducts  This can usually be treated with surgery  Does age affect male fertility? Vasectomy Reversal. (PDF, 733 KB) The New England Journal of Medicine, 1977. More than 60% of sperm should be normal, and less than 2-3% should be immature. The presence of open tubes is essential for natural conception, as sperm must traverse the tubes in order to reach and fertilize the ovulated egg. Before surgery, the HSG films and results of previous laparoscopies should be thoroughly reviewed to decide on the type of surgical technique that is required and to explain to the patient the expected degree of success and risks involved with the procedure. Causes include: Surgery: Pelvic surgery can sometimes cause scarring or damage to the fallopian tubes. Fertility Evaluation of the Male Partner: Semen Analysis Semen analysis is an essential part of the evaluation. Analyses of the CFTR Gene in 67 Patients. (PDF, 4 MB) The American Journal of Human Genetics, 1995. It must be noted that both laparoscopy tubal ligations and cholecystectomies may be performed using suturing and tying, thus further reducing the expensive cost of single and multiclips (when compared to suture). Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is the most common laparoscopic procedure performed.