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While BBT is an inexpensive way to monitor ovulation, it is often impractical. Endometriosis causes infertility by producing inflammation and scarring, which can result in not only pain but also potentially detrimental effects on egg, sperm or embryo. What’s on the Mind of IVF Consumers? (PDF, 627 KB) Reproductive BioMedicine Online, 2009. Unexplained infertility[edit] In the US, up to 20% of infertile couples have unexplained infertility.[61] In these cases abnormalities are likely to be present but not detected by current methods.

Normal Fertilization of Human Oocytes after Testicular Sperm Extraction and Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection.(PDF, 2 MB) Fertility and Sterility, 1994. 75 mg intramuscularly every 4 weeks for a period of up to 6 months. [117, 120, 121, 122] Disadvantages of this treatment include symptoms of menopause, osteoporosis, and recurrence of the myomas after discontinuation of the treatment. Men should undergo evaluation with a semen analysis.

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Hypogonadotropic Hypopituitarism: Low pituitary gland output of LH and FSH.  This condition arrests sperm development and causes the progressive loss of germ cells from the testes and causes the seminiferous tubules and Leydig (testosterone producing) cells to deteriorate.  May be treated with the drug Serophene.  However, if all germ cells are destroyed before treatment commences, the male may be permanently infertile. Potential causes are unknown, but it may be related to infection, vascular disease, or bilateral testicular torsion. Many more couples, however, experience involuntary childlessness for at least one year: estimates range from 12% to 28%.[4] Male infertility is responsible for 20–30% of infertility cases, while 20–35% are due to female infertility, and 25–40% are due to combined problems in both parts.[2][5] In 10–20% of cases, no cause is found.[5] The most common cause of female infertility is ovulatory problems, which generally manifest themselves by sparse or absent menstrual periods.[6] Male infertility is most commonly due to deficiencies in the semen, and semen quality is used as a surrogate measure of male fecundity.[7] Women who are fertile experience a natural period of fertility before and during ovulation, and they are naturally infertile for the rest of the menstrual cycle. Traumatic Renal Hemorrhage Treatment by Arterial Embolization. (PDF, 3 MB) The Journal of Urology, 1973. Treatment of Hemorrhage from Renal Trauma by Angiographic Injection of Clot. (PDF, 1 MB) The Journal of Urology, 1978.

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Urinary monitoring of the LH surge (eg, with an LH Predictor Kit) can be a substitute for BBT. Hypospadias affects about 1 in every 500 newborn boys. ICSI with Epididymal and Testicular Sperm Retrieval. (PDF, 1 MB) Male Sterility and Motility Disorders: Etiological Factors and Treatment, 1998. Obesity and increased risk for oligozoospermia and azoospermia. Surgical Management of Male Infertility. (PDF, 2 MB) Chapter 12 from textbook, Male Infertility, 1992. The Effect of Female Age and Ovarian Reserve on Pregnancy Rate in Male Infertility: Treatment of Azoospermia with Sperm Retrieval and Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection. (PDF, 66 KB) Human Reproduction, 1997.

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Changes in virility, often governed by hormones, could indicate issues with fertility. A spermiogram control study is performed after 3 cycles of therapy. Evaluation may be initiated sooner in patients who have risk factors for infertility or if the female partner is older than 35 years. For a woman to conceive, certain things have to happen: vaginal intercourse must take place around the time when an egg is released from her ovary; the system that produces eggs has to be working at optimum levels; and her hormones must be balanced.[54] For women, problems with fertilisation arise mainly from either structural problems in the Fallopian tube or uterus or problems releasing eggs. Clark AM, Thornley B, Tomlinson L, Galletley C, Norman RJ. WHO categorizes ovulatory disorders into three groups: group I is caused by hypothalamic pituitary failure (10%), group II results from dysfunction of hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis (85%), and group III is caused by ovarian failure (5%). In GIFT, the sperm and eggs are mixed together before a doctor inserts them. As the amount of adipose tissue increases, there is more aromatase available to convert androgens, and serum estradiol levels increase. Less common factors The following other factors may also be responsible for infertility in a smaller proportion of cases: • Genetic abnormalities within eggs, sperm or both • An abnormal uterine cavity, including the presence of fibroids or polyps • Immunological infertility, whereby either the male or female partner produces anti-bodies against sperm cells or implantation of an embryo • Abnormal cervical mucus which hinders the passage of sperm to the uterus and fallopian tubes Unexplained infertility Even when investigations have been extensive, some couples will have no reason with which to explain their infertility.