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Pregnancies after Testicular Sperm Extraction and Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection in Non-obstructive Azoospermia. (PDF, 3 MB) Human Reproduction, 1995. The AZFc Region of the Y Chromosome Features Massive Palindromes and Uniform Recurrent Deletions in Infertile Men. (PDF, 5 MB) Nature Genetics, 2001.

Sertoli cells also secrete inhibin, which provides negative feedback on the hypothalamus, and androgen-binding protein, which helps modulate androgen activity in the seminiferous tubules. Basal body temperatures are no longer considered a reliable indicator of ovulation, and are not recommended for evaluating ovulation. Treatment of Female Infertility: Intrauterine Insemination Intrauterine insemination (IUI) is a fertility procedure in which sperm are washed (separated from the semen), concentrated, and injected directly into a woman’s uterus. Reversal of Vasectomy and the Treatment of Male Infertility. (PDF, 4 MB) Journal of Andrology, 1980. Klinefelter�s Syndrome: Is a genetic condition in which each cell in the human body has an additional X chromosome--men with Klinefelter�s Syndrome have one Y and two X chromosomes.  Physical symptoms include peanut-sized testicles and enlarged breasts.  A chromosome analysis is used to confirm this analysis.  If this condition is treated in its early stages (with the drug hCG), sperm production may commence and/or improve.  However, Klinefelter�s Syndrome eventually causes all active testicular structures to atrophy.  Once testicular failure has occurred, improving fertility is impossible. Surgical procedures are now rarely used because of the high success rate of other infertility treatments.  IUI: Fertility doctors may also recommend intrauterine insemination or IUI.

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Intrauterine insemination (IUI): At the time of ovulation, a fine catheter is inserted through the cervix into the uterus to place a sperm sample directly into the uterus. Anabolic steroids: Popular with bodybuilders and athletes, long-term use can seriously reduce sperm count and mobility.

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However, intercourse 3 times a week results in a probability of conception around 50% within 6 months. Options for Male Infertility Treatment Some causes of male infertility are treatable or correctable through surgery. Full history taking of both partners usually denotes the underlying problem [17-23], (Appendix 1). Sexually transmitted infections (STIs): Chlamydia can damage the fallopian tubes in a woman and cause inflammation in a man's scrotum.

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What decreases a man’s chance of impregnating a woman? Counseling about options should be offered to couples who are not physically able to conceive (i.e., same-sex couples or persons lacking reproductive organs). Surgical ablation: - In minimal or mild endometriosis; surgical ablation or resection of endometriosis plus laparoscopic adhesiolysis improves the chance of pregnancy. - Laparoscopic resection of endometriomas may be beneficial, however recent RCTs suggest intervention only in endometriomas > 4cm. - In moderate or sever endometriosis; surgical treatment should be offered. (Debatable) - Post-operative medical treatment does not improve pregnancy rates. Vasectomy. (PDF, 5 MB) From the Encyclopedia of Reproduction, 1999. Women older than 35 years or couples with known risk factors for infertility may warrant evaluation at six months. An adequate semen analysis includes the following: Volume (1. 2012;27(8):2396–2404.   Want to use this article elsewhere? Ovulatory periods are often accompanied by midcycle symptoms such as mittelschmerz or premenstrual symptoms. It has not been shown to improve patient outcomes but, rather, is helpful for research purposes. If he has two X chromosomes and one Y chromosome, as in Klinefelter's syndrome, the testicles will develop abnormally and there will be low testosterone and a low sperm count or no sperm. Myoma treatment In general, small and asymptomatic myomas do not require treatment, but the patient should be periodically monitored. Treatment of Renal Trauma by Angiographic Injection of Autologous Clot. (PDF, 422 KB) British Journal of Urology, 1974.