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Less common factors The following other factors may also be responsible for infertility in a smaller proportion of cases: • Genetic abnormalities within eggs, sperm or both • An abnormal uterine cavity, including the presence of fibroids or polyps • Immunological infertility, whereby either the male or female partner produces anti-bodies against sperm cells or implantation of an embryo • Abnormal cervical mucus which hinders the passage of sperm to the uterus and fallopian tubes Unexplained infertility Even when investigations have been extensive, some couples will have no reason with which to explain their infertility. Apparent Fertility of Human Spermatozoa from the Caput Epididymidis. (PDF, 4 MB) Journal of Andrology, 1989.

Although relatively uncommon, eating disorders can negatively affect menstruation, fertility, and maternal and fetal well-being. If a tube is blocked and filled with fluid (called a hydrosalpinx), then minimally invasive surgery (laparoscopy or hysteroscopy) to either remove the tube or block/separate it from the uterus prior to any fertility treatments is recommended. Women in group II include those with polycystic ovary syndrome and hyperprolactinemia. A small ejaculate volume may be observed in patients with retrograde ejaculation, absence of the vas deferens or seminal vesicles, ductal obstruction, hypogonadotropism, or poor sympathetic response. Demographic definitions of infertility An inability of those of reproductive age (15-49 years) to become or remain pregnant within five years of exposure to pregnancy. (DHS2) An inability to become pregnant with a live birth, within five years of exposure based upon a consistent union status, lack of contraceptive use, non-lactating and maintaining a desire for a child. (Trends in prevalence4).

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8,37 Women in WHO group II, including those who are overweight and who have polycystic ovary syndrome, can benefit from weight loss, exercise, and lifestyle modifications to restore ovulatory cycles and achieve pregnancy. Benefits of laparoscopy are especially the possibility to simultaneously remove adhesions in one session. 44 Therefore, a simple recommendation is for vaginal intercourse every two to three days to optimize the chance of pregnancy.

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To complete a basal temperature curve over 3 cycles can be helpful to identify anovulational cycles. Mumps: If this occurs after puberty, inflammation of the testicles may affect sperm production. The patients are classified as WHO1 (15%) - hypo-gonadotropic, hypo-estrogenic, WHO2 (80%) - normo-gonadotropic, normo-estrogenic, and WHO3 (5%) - hyper-gonadotropic, hypo-estrogenic. World Health Organization[edit] The World Health Organization defines infertility as follows:[10] United States[edit] One definition of infertility that is frequently used in the United States by reproductive endocrinologists, doctors who specialize in infertility, to consider a couple eligible for treatment is: a woman under 35 has not conceived after 12 months of contraceptive-free intercourse. Hysterosalpingography: Fluid is injected into the woman's uterus and X-rays are taken to determine whether the fluid travels properly out of the uterus and into the fallopian tubes.

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Thoracentesis is rarely indicated in cases of pleural effusion. Opinion: Microsurgical TESE and the Distribution of Spermatogenesis in Non-obstructive Azoospermia. (PDF, 5 MB)Human Reproduction, 2000. IUI increases the number of the sperm in the fallopian tubes, where fertilization takes place. This means it’s more difficult to become pregnant and the chance of miscarriage is higher.  Unexplained infertility  Sometimes, doctors are unable to find the reason for infertility, despite running the required fertility tests. The fertilized eggs, now embryos, are allowed to grow and develop in culture media for typically 3 to 5 days. View Media Gallery FSH and LH, glycopeptides with a molecular weight of 10,000 Daltons, are each composed of an alpha chain that is identical to that of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), but with a beta chain that is unique for each. Hysterosalpingography: Fluid is injected into the woman's uterus and X-rays are taken to determine whether the fluid travels properly out of the uterus and into the fallopian tubes. The more fetuses there are, the higher the risk of premature labor. 40 Patients using these agents should be counseled about these risks. Nonfunctional pituitary tumors may compress the pituitary stalk or the gonadotropic cells, interrupting the proper chain of signals leading to pituitary failure. They are then processed and introduced to eggs by different methods.