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To help objectify sperm morphology and therefore enhance the consistency and reproducibility among laboratories, Kruger introduced a definition of "strict criteria" in 1986. Bhaskar Dutta/Photoshare Clinical definitions Infertility is “a disease of the reproductive system defined by the failure to achieve a clinical pregnancy after 12 months or more of regular unprotected sexual intercourse.”… (WHO-ICMART glossary1). “Infertility is the inability of a sexually active, non-contracepting couple to achieve pregnancy in one year. ARTICLES FROM THE 2010s Ovarian Function 6 Years after Cryopreservation and Transplantation of Whole Sheep Ovaries. (PDF, 496 KB)Reproductive BioMedicine Online, 2010. In general, ART involves surgically removing eggs from a woman’s ovaries, combining them with sperm in the laboratory, and returning them to the woman’s body. Many countries have special frameworks for dealing with the ethical and social issues around fertility treatment.

The benefit – a physically relaxed intervention team can work concentrated on the main goals during the intervention. At the same time, the number of pregnancy losses and malformations in the foetus increase. Epidemiological definition of infertility (for monitoring and surveillance) Women of reproductive age (15–49 years) at risk of becoming pregnant (not pregnant, sexually active, not using contraception and not lactating) who report trying unsuccessfully for a pregnancy for two years or more. (Reproductive Health Indicators) Infertility as a disability Disability: Infertility generates disability (an impairment of function), and thus access to health care falls under the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disability. Chromosomal defects Hereditary disorders, such as Klinefelter’s syndrome (when a male is born with two X chromosomes and one Y chromosome instead of one X and one Y) impacts the normal development of the male reproductive organs.

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Exposure to toxic agents can occur from occupational hazards or contaminated air, water, food supply or other exposures. The relation between daily activities and scrotal temperature. Between 45 and 50 percent of cases are thought to stem from factors that affect the man. Sterilisation Some women choose to be sterilised if they don't want to have any more children.

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Intrauterine insemination (IUI.)At the time of ovulation, sperm are injected directly up into the uterus. To Transplant or Not to Transplant – That Is the Question. (PDF, 3 MB) 2010. Follicle-stimulating hormone (Gonal-F, Bravelle): This hormone is produced by the pituitary gland that controls estrogen production by the ovaries. Medications, treatments, and drugs Some drugs can affect fertility in a woman. Erectile Disfunction (ED): Also known as impotence, this condition is common and affects 20 million American men.  ED is the result of a single, or more commonly a combination of multiple factors.  In the past, ED was thought to be the result of psychological problems, but new research indicates that 90 percent of cases are organic in nature.  However, most men who suffer from ED have a secondary psychological problem that can worsen the situation like performance anxiety, guilt, and low self-esteem.  Many of the common causes of impotence include:  diabetes, high blood pressure, heart and vascular disease, stress, hormone problems, pelvic surgery, trauma, venous leak, and the side effects of frequently prescribed medications (i.e. 41 Treatment of Unexplained Infertility Jump to section + Couples who have no identified cause of infertility should be counseled on timing of intercourse for the most fertile period (i.e., the six days preceding ovulation).

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Submucosal fibroids are the type if fibroid that has clearly been demonstrated to reduce pregnancy rate, roughly by 50%, and removal of which will double pregnancy rate. Normal seminal fructose concentration is 120-450 mg/dL, with lower levels suggesting ejaculatory duct obstruction or absence of the seminal vesicles. If a tube is blocked and filled with fluid (called a hydrosalpinx), then minimally invasive surgery (laparoscopy or hysteroscopy) to either remove the tube or block/separate it from the uterus prior to any fertility treatments is recommended. Women with regular menstrual cycles are likely to be ovulating and should be offered serum progesterone testing at day 21 to confirm ovulation. For some women, these devices do not detect the LH surge, or high levels of LH are a poor predictor of ovulation; this is particularly common in women with PCOS. Advances in assisted reproductive technologies, such as IVF, can offer hope to many couples where treatment is available, although barriers exist in terms of medical coverage and affordability. Extra Renal Function in Patients with Duplication Anomaly: Obligatory and Compensatory Renal Growth. (PDF, 1 MB) The Journal of Urology, 1974. Infection An increased number of white blood cells in the semen may be observed in patients with infectious or inflammatory processes of the genital tract. Diagnosis and Management of Hypogonadism, Infertility, and Impotence. (PDF, 13 MB) Chapter 22 of textbook,Male Reproductive Dysfunction, 1986. Today, many patients do not receive the recommended medical care that based on the best available evidence [5]. We generally recommend seeking the help of a reproductive endocrinologist if conception has not occurred within 12 months.