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To prevent further polyp development associated with anovulation, the patient should have withdrawal bleeding at least every 6 weeks. Menstrual blood is usually bright red at the beginning of a person's period and may get darker over the following days. RE: The Impalpable Testis: A Rational Approach to Management. (PDF, 389 KB) The Journal of Urology, 1979. Ejaculation disorders Some men experience ejaculation problems that can make it difficult for them to release semen during sex (ejaculate).

ART: Gamete Intrafallopian Transfer (GIFT) GIFT is a procedure that involves ovarian stimulation, egg retrieval, and placing a mixture of sperm and eggs directly into the woman’s fallopian tube to foster fertilization inside the female body. 8 Counseling on lifestyle modifications is reasonable because exposures to tobacco and alcohol are associated with lower rates of fertility. Intrauterine insemination (IUI): At the time of ovulation, a fine catheter is inserted through the cervix into the uterus to place a sperm sample directly into the uterus. Medicamentous Induction of Ovulation Ovulation inductors are used for dysfunctions in the hypophyseal-hypothalamic area. Microsurgery and Andrology. (PDF, 5 MB) Chapter from textbook, 1991. Laparoscopy for Cryptorchidism. (PDF, 1 MB) The Journal of Urology, 1980.

Here are Some Even more Details on Statistics of Infertility in Ghana

Below are Some Even more Resources on Statistics of Infertility in Ghana

Idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism A failure of GnRH secretion without any discernible underlying cause may be observed alone (isolated) or as part of Kallmann syndrome, which is associated with midline defects such as anosmia, cleft lip and cleft palate, deafness, cryptorchidism, and color blindness. Microsurgical Solutions to Male Infertility. (PDF, 2 MB) Contemporary OB/GYN, 2005. Primary vs. secondary infertility[edit] Primary infertility is defined as the absence of a live birth for women who desire a child and have been in a union for at least 12 months, during which they have not used any contraceptives.[14] The World Health Organisation also adds that 'women whose pregnancy spontaneously miscarries, or whose pregnancy results in a still born child, without ever having had a live birth would present with primarily infertility'.[15] Secondary infertility is defined as the absence of a live birth for women who desire a child and have been in a union for at least 12 months since their last live birth, during which they did not use any contraceptives.[15] Thus the distinguishing feature is whether or not the couple have ever had a pregnancy which led to a live birth. Blockage of the ejaculatory duct: Sperm can be extracted directly from the testicles and injected into an egg in the laboratory. Ovarian Transplantation in a Series of Monozygotic Twins Discordant for Ovarian Failure. (PDF, 188 KB) The New England Journal of Medicine, 2007. 50% are female causes with 25% being due to anovulation and 25% tubal problems/other.[74] In Sweden, approximately 10% of couples wanting children are infertile.[75] In approximately one third of these cases the man is the factor, in one third the woman is the factor, and in the remaining third the infertility is a product of factors on both parts.

Below are Some More Details on Statistics of Infertility in Ghana

Hypospadias affects about 1 in every 500 newborn boys. Large submucosal uterine fibroids may make the uterus' cavity bigger, increasing the distance the sperm has to travel. Cortical deficiency may be seen in patients with adrenal failure due to infection, infarction, or congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH). Diagnosis is based on history, physical examination, biochemical evaluation, ultrasonography, and laparotomy. There are also a number of sperm production problems that can contribute to infertility, including: Scrotal varicose veins (varicoceles)  Scrotal varicose veins (varicoceles) are swollen veins causing your testicles to get hotter and affect the production of sperm  These are treated with surgery  Testicular injury   Serious trauma to the testicles such as becoming twisted (torsion) can affect sperm production  Damage from playing sports or an accident can rupture the vessels that supply blood to the testicles  Previous injuries can’t be treated, but an ART treatment may help you to conceive Undescended testicles  In the uterus, baby boys’ testicles form in their abdomen and descend into their scrotum shortly before birth  Some men’s testicles don’t descend before they are born (cryptorchidism), although in these cases they usually drop in the first six months after birth  If left untreated, undescended testicles can affect fertility Testicular cancer  This happens when a malignant tumour in the testicle destroys testicular tissue  If undetected, testicular cancer can spread to other parts of the body  This is treated either by surgery, medication, radiotherapy or chemotherapy  However, cancer therapy can also damage sperm production  Genetic defects  Sometimes, genetic information on the Y chromosome (which is only present in men) is deleted (micro-deletions),6 which can reduce the production of sperm  Depending on where the micro-deletion is on the chromosome, this may be treated by surgically extracting sperm from part of your reproductive tract  However, some couples may need to consider using a donor sperm to conceive Mumps Contracting mumps (or mumps-related orchitis) after puberty may damage the sperm-producing cells in your testicles,  causing infertility or subfertility7 Usually, only one testicle is affected and if you have one functioning testicle you may not need treatment  However, some couples may need to use a sperm donor in order to conceive Anti-sperm antibodies  Anti-sperm antibodies are large proteins in your blood that are hostile to sperm  They can cause sperm to clump together and prevent them from swimming, or they may mistake sperm cells for an infection and try to destroy them  This can be treated using an ART treatment   Lifestyle   Sperm production can be affected by a range of lifestyle factors, including smoking, drinking, drugs, stress, overweight and unhealthy food Environmental factors can also affect your sperm quality, including overheating of your testicles, some sexual lubricants, the chemicals involved in certain manufacturing, painting or printing jobs   These factors are treated by making lifestyle changes, such as wearing loose clothing to avoid overheating Hormonal problems  Hormonal problems are rarely the cause of male infertility problems  However, some men have a natural deficiency in follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinising hormone (LH), which prevents the testicles from producing testosterone or developing healthy sperm  Hormonal problems can usually be treated with medication Obstruction problems Blocked sperm ducts  Occasionally, male sperm ducts (epididymis and vas deferens) can become blocked, meaning that your semen doesn’t contain any sperm  This can be treated with surgery, or sperm may be surgically extracted from part of your reproductive tract  Vasectomy  Some men have had a previous vasectomy to stop them being able to conceive  This can sometimes be reversed using surgery  The procedure’s success depends on how long ago your vasectomy was performed  Previous infections  Infections can cause scarring or adhesions (organs sticking together) in your sperm ducts  This can usually be treated with surgery  Does age affect male fertility?

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The Male-specific Region of the Human Y Chromsome is a Mosaic of Discrete Sequence Classes. (PDF, 754 KB) Nature, 2003. Everyone was so helpful and here for all our questions, worries, etc. Trauma, previous attempts at sperm aspiration, and inguinal surgery may also result in ductal blockage. Ovary Transplantation for Fertility Preservation in Cancer Patients: Fresh and Frozen. (PDF, 1 MB) Chapter 42 from textbook Clinial Infertility, 2010. Hysteroscopy can also be combined with laparoscopy when necessary. More than 60% of sperm should be normal, and less than 2-3% should be immature. The chance of a multiple birth is lower with an oral fertility drug. There is still some controversy about their existence, but if the discoveries are true, this could mean a new treatment for infertility.[71] Stem cell therapy is really new, and everything is still under investigation. In many cases, cornual obstruction diagnosed on HSG represents simple cornual spasm. The main symptom of infertility is not getting pregnant.