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In-vitro fertilization (IVF.)Sperm are mixed with multiple eggs collected from the woman in a “test tube” (actually just a plastic dish.). However, about one in five cases of infertility has no clear diagnosed cause.[73] In Britain, male factor infertility accounts for 25% of infertile couples, while 25% remain unexplained.

Cystic fibrosis: This is a chronic disease that results in the creation of a sticky mucus. In the United Kingdom, it is estimated that one in six couples would complaint of infertility [3]. Women who have a body weight 10% to 15% below normal may have reduced fertility. The rising number of obese individuals may be due in part to an energy-rich diet as well as insufficient physical exercise.  In addition to other potential health risks, obesity can have a significant impact on male and female fertility. IUI increases the number of the sperm in the fallopian tubes, where fertilization takes place. Reversal of Vasectomy and the Treatment of Male Infertility. (PDF, 4 MB) Journal of Andrology, 1980.

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Gonadotropin releasing hormone analogs (GnRH-a) are synthetic peptides whose structure is similar to the natural GnRH. Laparoscopy for Cryptorchidism. (PDF, 1 MB) The Journal of Urology, 1980. 48 However, there is no firm evidence that preconception counseling leads to increased live birth rates, in part because no studies on this topic have been performed.

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Start now with 1,000+ free video lectures given by award-winning educators!Global infertility guidelines: Strategy for development and dissemination Generating practice guidelines The revision and updating of the “WHO global Guidelines for infertility diagnosis, management and interventions for treatment” (1992) and the WHO manual for the investigation and diagnosis of the infertile couple” (1993) was initiated in January 2012. With irregular periods, the cycle is so unpredictable that it’s impossible to know when the next one will come. Because of the antiestrogenic effect, CC may thicken the cervical mucus, creating an iatrogenic cervical factor that can be responsible for the lack of pregnancy in a patient who has otherwise ovulated. [165] Other adverse effects associated with CC are hot flashes, scotomas, dryness of the vagina, headache, and ovarian hyperstimulation, which, although rare, has been reported in patients who are sensitive to CC. [166, 167] Whether the use of CC increases the risk of ovarian cancer is unknown, although 2 articles illustrate a potential risk. [168] Other authorities disagree with this assumption. Conditions including PCOS, the presence of excess prolactin, or premature ovarian failure can create ovulation disorders.  Tubal occlusion  According to other research, fallopian tube disorders lead to between 35 and 40 percent of infertility cases. Antisperm antibody test Sperm contain unique antigens that are not recognized as self by the body's immune system because of the blood-testis barrier.

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Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs): Long-term use of aspirin or ibuprofen may make it harder to conceive. However, future pregnancy is possible with the other ovary and tube. Blockage of the ejaculatory duct: Sperm can be extracted directly from the testicles and injected into an egg in the laboratory. Vasectomy and its Microsurgical Reversal. (PDF, 17 MB) Urologic Clinics of North America, 1978. Normal Fertilization of Human Oocytes after Testicular Sperm Extraction and Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection.(PDF, 2 MB) Fertility and Sterility, 1994. IVF is Generally Performed in the Following Manner: The woman undergoes gonadotropin injections, which stimulate the ovaries to produce many eggs. Normal sperm have a smooth oval head approximately 3-5 μm long and 2-3 μm wide. Steroids used to build muscles can shrink the testes and may lead to decreased sperm production. Although obesity is well known to be associated with insulin resistance, women with PCOS are even more resistant to insulin than other patients who are obese. Semen analysis – The semen analysis is the main test to evaluate the male partner. Controversy exists regarding whether to routinely repair an adolescent varicocele not associated with testicular atrophy.


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See also
Unexplained Infertility and Immunology
Infertility Problems in India
Infertility Research Center