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Infertility and impaired fecundity in the United States, 1982–2010: data from the National Survey of Family Growth. A frequency of intercourse less than once per week results in a probability of conception of about 17% within 6 months. Hjollund NH, Storgaard L, Ernst E, Bonde JP, Olsen J. Vasectomy and its Microsurgical Reversal. (PDF, 17 MB) Urologic Clinics of North America, 1978. Clinical Characterization of 42 Oligospermic or Azoospermic Men with Microdeletion of the AZFc Region of the Y Chromosome, and of 18 Children Conceived via ICSI. (PDF, 606 KB) Human Reproduction, 2002.

In this case synthetic FSH by injection or Clomid (Clomiphene citrate) via a pill can be given to stimulate follicles to mature in the ovaries. IVF and related techniques (ICSI, ZIFT, GIFT) are called assisted reproductive technology (ART) techniques. IUI is more commonly done when the man has a low sperm count, decreased sperm motility, or when infertility does not have an identifiable cause. To ascertain a more precise assessment, a hysteroscopy of the uterus is run.

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Most couples (approximately 85%) will achieve pregnancy within one year of trying, with the greatest likelihood of conception occurring during the earlier months. Overheated testicles: Causes include an undescended testicle, a varicocele, or varicose vein in the scrotum, the use of saunas or hot tubs, wearing tight clothes, and working in hot environments. Spermiogenic defects may also be a cause of sterility. BMI (body mass index) may be a significant factor in fertility, as an increase in BMI in the male by as little as three units can be associated with infertility. 1,2 However, if your partner is 35 years old or over, you or your partner may be considered infertile if you haven’t conceived after 6 months of unprotected sex. In theory, it is possible to conceive on any of these 6 days that occur before and during ovulation.

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The sperm can either be mixed with the eggs to allow normal fertilization (conventional insemination) or by injecting one sperm into each mature egg (ICSI). Overheated testicles: Causes include an undescended testicle, a varicocele, or varicose vein in the scrotum, the use of saunas or hot tubs, wearing tight clothes, and working in hot environments. Effect of male age on fertility: evidence for the decline in male fertility with increasing age. Practice Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine. Cryopreservation: Cryopreservation of semen, oocytes or embryos should be offered to anyone who may undergo treatment that may affect his/her fertility. (e.g.: chemotherapy for cancer). For cancer-related fertility preservation, do not apply the eligibility criteria used for conventional infertility treatment. Do not use a lower age limit for cryopreservation for fertility preservation in people diagnosed with cancer. A Modern Approach to Male Infertility. (PDF, 2 MB) Serono Symposia, Insights Into Infertility Newsletter, 1997.

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Ductal blockage, as a result of an infection or congenital abnormality, may occur in the ducts that carry sperm from the testicles to the penis. Without an erection, it is difficult for a man to release sperm inside the vagina—and, therefore, difficult to get a woman pregnant. If abundant good sperm are found in the testicle, there's likely a blockage somewhere. About 10% to 15% of couples will not be able to achieve pregnancy after one year of unprotected intercourse. Patients with azoospermia should have a postejaculatory urine sample analyzed for sperm, should be evaluated for ejaculatory duct obstruction, and should undergo a hormonal evaluation. Ejaculatory Duct Obstruction. (PDF, 3 MB) The Journal of Urology, 1980. Long-term Economic Benefits Attributed to IVF-conceived Children: A Lifetime Tax Calculation. (PDF, 225 KB) The American Journal of Managed Care, 2008. Sperm can survive inside the female for up to 5 days, while an egg can be fertilized for up to 1 day after ovulation. Use of clomiphene citrate in infertile women: a committee opinion. A detailed history and physical examination is necessary for both partners. The woman is instructed to measures her body temperature every morning as soon as she wakes up, before she gets out of bed or before she eats or drinks anything. It is specially oriented for cancer patients, whose sperm is destroyed due to the gonadotoxic treatment they are submitted to.[70] Ovaric stem cells: it is thought that women have a finite number of follicles from the very beginning. Ultrastructure of Human Sperm in Men with Congenital Absence of the Vas Deferens: Clinical Implications. (PDF, 2 MB) Fertility and Sterility, 1992. Successful Autotransplantation of an Intra-abdominal Testis to the Scrotum by Microvascular Technique. (PDF, 11 MB) The Journal of Urology, 1976.