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The most common of these procedures are removal of all or part of the colon (colectomy), or removal of the kidney (nephrectomy). Thyroid problems: An overactive or underactive thyroid gland can lead to a hormonal imbalance. History Infertility is a problem through out history, however increasing rates noticed. The first successful birth of a "test tube baby“, Louise Brown occurred in 1978 in Oldham General Hospital, U. Normal cervical mucus to allow passage of the sperm to the upper genital tract. Lifestyle and environmental factors such as smoking, alcohol and drugs, poor eating habits, exposure to increases in testicular temperature (for example, in professions where the worker spends many hours sitting down) and exposure to toxins are factors that compromise semen quality. Causes Potential causes of male infertility are: The complete absence of sperm (azoospermia) Low sperm count (oligospermia) Abnormal sperm shape (teratozoospermia) Problems with sperm movement (asthenozoospermia) Sperm that is completely immobile (necrozoospermia); the sperm may be alive and not moving, or they may be dead Problems with sperm delivery, due to sexual dysfunction, an obstruction, previous vasectomy, or retrograde ejaculation Problems with erections or other sexual problems There are a variety of conditions that may lead to male infertility.

30–32 Other treatment options include antiestrogens and gonadotropin therapy, which showed a trend toward increased live birth rates in a Cochrane review. A rapid slide agglutination test (RSAT) kit to detect serum antibodies is commercially available.

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Lifetime prevalence of infertility and infertility treatment in the UK: results from a population-based survey of reproduction. The results of these tests help determine the best fertility treatment. The Varicocele Dilemma. (PDF, 139 KB) Human Reproduction, 2001. 8 Counseling on lifestyle modifications is reasonable because exposures to tobacco and alcohol are associated with lower rates of fertility. In 1981, Semm, from the gynecological clinic of Kiel University, Germany, performed the first laparoscopic appendectomy. After in vitro fertilization, your doctor transfers the fertilized eggs into your uterus.Male infertility isn't something you hear much about on the news, so you may be surprised to know that male infertility is almost as likely as female infertility to be involved in a couple's inability to achieve pregnancy.

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There is no reliable means to predict whether the use of any treatment option will be successful and after how many attempts. However, a survey has suggested that the 3 days most likely to offer a fertile window are the 2 days before ovulation plus the 1 day of ovulation. Sex any other time, even the next day after ovulation, will not result in conception. “We generally advise couples to seek fertility evaluations if they are unable to conceive after 12 months of unprotected intercourse,” says Lawrence Ross, MD, president of the American Urological Association. Female factor Dysfunction of the female reproductive organs is also apparent in around 40% of infertile couples. Treatment of Uterine Factors Until in vitro fertilization became available, a patient with congenital absence of the uterus and vagina (Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser syndrome) had no chance to have a biologic child. An estimated 34 million women, predominantly from developing countries, have infertility which resulted from maternal sepsis and unsafe abortion (long term maternal morbidity resulting in a disability).

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This procedure can, in selected cases, also be performed laparoscopically, often with the assistance of a robot.Laparoscopy (from Ancient Greek λαπάρα (lapara), meaning 'flank, side', and σκοπέω (skopeo), meaning 'to see') invented by George Kelling in 1901, in Germany, is an operation performed in the abdomen or pelvis using small incisions (usually 0. Arcuate uterus In general, an arcuate uterus does not cause infertility. The more fetuses there are, the higher the risk of premature labor. Thyroid problems: An overactive or underactive thyroid gland can lead to a hormonal imbalance. Assessment of ovarian reserve This is a very important assessment of a woman's remaining egg supply It is done with blood testing and ultrasound: Blood - day 3 FSH, LH and estradiol hormone testing and AMH hormone levels Ultrasound - assessment of ovarian volume and antral follicle counts Assessment of adequate ovulation This can be done in a variety of ways. Society and culture[edit] Perhaps except for infertility in science fiction, films and other fiction depicting emotional struggles of assisted reproductive technology have had an upswing first in the latter part of the 2000s decade, although the techniques have been available for decades.[76] Yet, the number of people that can relate to it by personal experience in one way or another is ever growing, and the variety of trials and struggles is huge.[76] Pixar's Up contains a depiction of infertility in an extended life montage that lasts the first few minutes of the film.[77] Other individual examples are referred to individual subarticles of assisted reproductive technology Ethics[edit] There are several ethical issues associated with infertility and its treatment. Demographic definitions of infertility An inability of those of reproductive age (15-49 years) to become or remain pregnant within five years of exposure to pregnancy. (DHS2) An inability to become pregnant with a live birth, within five years of exposure based upon a consistent union status, lack of contraceptive use, non-lactating and maintaining a desire for a child. (Trends in prevalence4). Obesity and increased risk for oligozoospermia and azoospermia. These numbers are comparable to those of other industrialized nations. Many countries have special frameworks for dealing with the ethical and social issues around fertility treatment.