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Undescended testicles During fetal development one or both testicles may fail to descend from the abdomen into the sac that normally contains the testicles. Treatment options available for any particular infertile couple will depend also on the duration of their infertility, which partner is affected, the age of the female partner and if any has a previous children or not, the underlying pathological cause, and if the treatment will be covered by the National Health System (NHS) or funded by their own. Germ cells and white blood cells both appear as round cells on microscopic examination, so immunohistochemical stains are used to differentiate the 2 cell types.

Intra-uterine insemination for male subfertility. Unexplained infertility in women or men may be managed with another year of unprotected intercourse, or may proceed to assisted reproductive technologies, such as intrauterine insemination or in vitro fertilization.

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Ejaculation disorders: If the ejaculatory ducts are blocked, semen may be ejaculated into the bladder Hormonal imbalance: Hypogonadism, for example, can lead to a testosterone deficiency. The Disappearing Male. (PDF, 1 MB) From Towards Reproductive Certainty, 1999.

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National Collaborating Centre for Women's and Children's Health. Use of clomiphene citrate in infertile women: a committee opinion. Radiation therapy: This can impair sperm production. Macroscopic deletions of Yq11 are often observed in patients with azoospermia, although many new microdeletions have been implicated as a significant cause of infertility. In GIFT, the sperm and eggs are mixed together before a doctor inserts them. The main side effects are hot flushes, gastrointestinal events (nausea and vomiting), headache, back pain, and leg cramps.

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The other cases are caused by a mixture of male and female problems or by unknown problems. Not PPT Presentation Summary : Infertility Statistics. A Modern Approach to Male Infertility. (PDF, 2 MB) Serono Symposia, Insights Into Infertility Newsletter, 1997. Patients with azoospermia or severe oligospermia are more likely to have a chromosomal abnormality (10-15%) than infertile men with sperm density within the reference range (1%). Chronic conditions: These include AIDS or cancer. Most couples (approximately 85%) will achieve pregnancy within one year of trying, with the greatest likelihood of conception occurring during the earlier months. Intracytoplasmatic Sperm Injection (ICSI) An intracytoplasmatic sperm injection is also a form of artificial insemination. The following hormones can be identified in the blood among others: FSH, LH, estradiol, prolactin, testosterone, DHEA-S and the thyroid hormones. The four types of third party reproduction are 1) sperm donation – a process by which donated sperm is used for insemination in the uterus, or for fertilization of eggs in the IVF process; 2) egg or ovum donation – a process by which an egg donor undergoes an IVF cycle in order to obtain her eggs which are then donated and fertilized. Conventional IVF vs ICSI (Intra Cytoplasmic Sperm Injection) for Patients Requiring Microsurgical Epididymal Sperm Aspiration (MESA). (PDF, 4 MB) Chapter from textbook, Frontiers in Endocrinology: Perspectives on Assisted Reproduction, 1994. Affected individuals displayed more severe forms of infertility such as azoospermia and severe oligozoospermia.[27] Other causes[edit] Factors that can cause male as well as female infertility are: DNA damage DNA damage reduces fertility in female ovocytes, as caused by smoking,[28] other xenobiotic DNA damaging agents (such as radiation or chemotherapy)[29] or accumulation of the oxidative DNA damage 8-hydroxy-deoxyguanosine[30] DNA damage reduces fertility in male sperm, as caused by oxidative DNA damage,[31] smoking,[28] other xenobiotic DNA damaging agents (such as drugs or chemotherapy)[32] or other DNA damaging agents including reactive oxygen species, fever or high testicular temperature.[33] The damaged DNA related to infertility manifests itself by the increased susceptibility to denaturation inducible by heat or acid [34] or by the presence of double-strand breaks that can be detected by the TUNEL assay.[35] General factors Diabetes mellitus,[36][37] thyroid disorders,[38] undiagnosed and untreated coeliac disease,[39][40][41][42] adrenal disease[43] Hypothalamic-pituitary factors Hyperprolactinemia Hypopituitarism The presence of anti-thyroid antibodies is associated with an increased risk of unexplained subfertility with an odds ratio of 1. If a blockage is present, surgery may be necessary. Primary testicular causes of infertility Primary testicular problems may be chromosomal or nonchromosomal in nature. Pregnancy Caused by Sperm from Vasa Efferentia. (PDF, 1 MB) Fertility and Sterility, 1988. Debate over whether health insurance companies (e.g. in the US) should be required to cover infertility treatment. There are three main types of sperm antibodies: Immunoglobulin G (IgG) Immunoglobulin A (IgA) Immunoglobulin M(IgM).