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A typical infection is particularly the adnexitis from Chlamydia, but also infections from Trepona pallidum (lues) and Neisseria gonorrhoea should be kept in mind. The predictable pregnancy rate for this group is about 5% after timed intercourse, 10% after superovulation with intrauterine insemination (IUI), and 15% to 25% after assisted reproduction techniques (ART) [41]. Affected individuals displayed more severe forms of infertility such as azoospermia and severe oligozoospermia.[27] Other causes[edit] Factors that can cause male as well as female infertility are: DNA damage DNA damage reduces fertility in female ovocytes, as caused by smoking,[28] other xenobiotic DNA damaging agents (such as radiation or chemotherapy)[29] or accumulation of the oxidative DNA damage 8-hydroxy-deoxyguanosine[30] DNA damage reduces fertility in male sperm, as caused by oxidative DNA damage,[31] smoking,[28] other xenobiotic DNA damaging agents (such as drugs or chemotherapy)[32] or other DNA damaging agents including reactive oxygen species, fever or high testicular temperature.[33] The damaged DNA related to infertility manifests itself by the increased susceptibility to denaturation inducible by heat or acid [34] or by the presence of double-strand breaks that can be detected by the TUNEL assay.[35] General factors Diabetes mellitus,[36][37] thyroid disorders,[38] undiagnosed and untreated coeliac disease,[39][40][41][42] adrenal disease[43] Hypothalamic-pituitary factors Hyperprolactinemia Hypopituitarism The presence of anti-thyroid antibodies is associated with an increased risk of unexplained subfertility with an odds ratio of 1. ARTICLES FROM THE 2000s Evaluation and Treatment of Male Infertility. (PDF, 17 MB) Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology, 2000.

ART: Gamete Intrafallopian Transfer (GIFT) GIFT is a procedure that involves ovarian stimulation, egg retrieval, and placing a mixture of sperm and eggs directly into the woman’s fallopian tube to foster fertilization inside the female body. If a cause for your fertility problems hasn't been identified, talk to your doctor about the next steps. Leydig cell function is impaired, and most patients are infertile due to primary testicular failure. Thalassemia Patients with thalassemia have ineffective erythropoiesis and undergo multiple blood transfusions. Signs of infertility include irregular, excessively heavy, or absent periods as well as sudden weight gain, painful sex, or vaginal infections.

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Reifenstein syndrome in males involves partial androgen insensitivity in males and presents as a spectrum of abnormal external genitalia and infertility.[22] Because cells inadequately respond to androgen stimulation, spermatogenesis is impaired. It is said to be the most reliable way of confirming whether ovulation has occurred.[12] Women may also use ovulation predictor kits (OPKs) which detect the increase in luteinizing hormone (LH) levels that usually indicates imminent ovulation. Options for treatment may include: Treatment with antibiotics, in cases of infection Surgical correction, in order to remove a varicocele, reverse a vasectomy, or repair a duct obstruction Medications or fertility drugs to improve sperm production In cases where the above treatments are unsuccessful, or when the cause of male infertility is unknown or untreatable, IUI treatment or IVF treatment may be suggested. If a weight gain greater than 2 lb occurs, the patient should be evaluated to determine if hospitalization is required.

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Some methods may be used in concert with other methods. Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common disorders impacting ovulation. If he has two X chromosomes and one Y chromosome, as in Klinefelter's syndrome, the testicles will develop abnormally and there will be low testosterone and a low sperm count or no sperm. Treatment of the cause: 27. Tubal and uterine factors: 1. Medical conditions Some medical conditions can affect fertility.

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Chemotherapy: Some types may significantly reduce sperm count. Similarly, there is no need for testing tubal patency for couples who will require IVF or ICSI procedure. IUI is more commonly done when the man has a low sperm count, decreased sperm motility, or when infertility does not have an identifiable cause. If too many embryos develop, one or more can be removed. Treatment of the cause: 30. Unexplained infertility: - Ovarian stimulation should not be considered as does not improve pregnancy or birth rates. - Advise to try to conceive for two years of unprotected sexual intercourse before other options. - After two years of failure to conceive, consider IVF/ICSI. Human menopausal gonadotropins Crowe discovered that the gonads were under the control of the anterior hypophysis. [175] Zondek and Aschheim discovered that FSH and LH were responsible for the development of the gonads in immature animals and confirmed Crowe's work. [135, 136] In the 1930s, ovulation induction was attempted by using gonadotropins from a mare, but its use was discontinued because of the development of antibodies. [176, 177] Borth et al demonstrated the effect of FSH and LH extracted from menopausal urine. [178, 179] Gemzell reported the first ovulation induction using human pituitary gonadotropin in 1958, and the first pregnancy was reported in 1960. [180, 181] Lunenfeld reported preliminary results using hMG; however, in 1963, it was definitely established as a real ovulation induction agent. [182, 183, 184] Human menopausal gonadotropin (hMG [eg, Repronex, Menopur]) contains 75 U of FSH and 75 U of LH per mL, although the concentration may vary among batches (ranges from FSH at 60-90 U and LH at 60-120 U). Exposure to chemicals: Pesticides, for example, may increase the risk. Ovulation usually occurs within the 32-40 hours after the indicative color change.