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Microsurgical Aspects of Varicocele. (PDF, 9 MB) Fertility and Sterility, 1979. 7) Endometriosis: Endometriosis is a condition whereby cells very similar to the ones lining the uterine cavity, or endometrium, are found outside the uterine cavity. There are treatments that are specifically for men or for women. Paternal age > or = 40 years: an important risk factor for infertility. Success rates with IVF procedure are approximately 20% per egg retrieval (approximately 20 couples out of every 100 who try one retrieval with IVF are likely to achieve pregnancy and delivery).

And as aging occurs, egg quality, or the likelihood of an egg being genetically normal, decreases as well. Diagnosis and Management of Hypogonadism, Infertility, and Impotence. (PDF, 13 MB) Chapter 22 of textbook,Male Reproductive Dysfunction, 1986. Many more couples, however, experience involuntary childlessness for at least one year: estimates range from 12% to 28%.[4] Male infertility is responsible for 20–30% of infertility cases, while 20–35% are due to female infertility, and 25–40% are due to combined problems in both parts.[2][5] In 10–20% of cases, no cause is found.[5] The most common cause of female infertility is ovulatory problems, which generally manifest themselves by sparse or absent menstrual periods.[6] Male infertility is most commonly due to deficiencies in the semen, and semen quality is used as a surrogate measure of male fecundity.[7] Women who are fertile experience a natural period of fertility before and during ovulation, and they are naturally infertile for the rest of the menstrual cycle. They are very common (approximately 40% of women have them them). 43 Other low-cost methods of monitoring for ovulation, although less effective, include basal body temperature measurements and cervical mucus changes.

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Microsurgery for Vasectomy Reversal and Vasoepididymostomy. (PDF, 13 MB) Urology, 1984. Modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors for poor semen quality: a case-referent study. Success rates for induction of ovulation vary considerably and depend on the age of the woman, the type of medication used, the presence of other infertility factors present in the couple and other reasons.

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Advances in assisted reproductive technologies, such as IVF, can offer hope to many couples where treatment is available, although barriers exist in terms of medical coverage and affordability. Recent Advances in Male Reproductive Surgery. (PDF, 10 MB) Chapter 13 from Annual Progress in Reproductive Medicine, 1993.

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Symptoms can also depend on what is causing the infertility. Microsurgery in Pediatric Urology. (PDF, 13 MB) The National Foundation, 1977. But it may actually point to an underlying condition, such as endometriosis or pelvic inflammatory disease. Predominantly anovulation is caused by hormonal imbalances such as Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) but ovarian scarring and premature menopause can also result in failure to ovulate. • Tubal disease, comprising anything from mild adhesions to complete blockage of the fallopian tubes, prevents fertilised eggs from travelling from the site of fertilisation to the uterus. Minimal Ovarian Stimulation (mini-IVF) for IVF Utilizing Vitrification and Cryopreserved Embryo Transfer. (PDF, 406 KB) Reproductive BioMedicine Online, 2010. Medications Testosterone replacement therapy, long-term anabolic steroid use, cancer medications (chemotherapy), certain antifungal medications, some ulcer drugs and certain other medications can impair sperm production and decrease male fertility. The chance of a live birth following treatment is nearly 50% [25].