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However, the presence of fibroids alone doesn’t necessarily cause infertility or predispose a woman to pregnancy loss. Castration of the affected testis may allow the other testis to regain its ability to produce sperm, but the prognosis is guarded. Secondary infertility When a woman is unable to bear a child, either due to the inability to become pregnant or the inability to carry a pregnancy to a live birth following either a previous pregnancy or a previous ability to carry a pregnancy to a live birth, she would be classified as having secondary infertility. Practice Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine. Women who experience very heavy, painful periods may be showing signs of endometriosis, a condition where tissues usually found in the womb are present elsewhere in the body. Microsurgery in Pediatric Urology. (PDF, 13 MB) The National Foundation, 1977.

Sometimes there may be simple ways to make lifestyle adjustments to improve fertility, while other underlying causes may require treatment. 24 Other tests of ovarian reserve, such as the clomiphene (Clomid) challenge test, antral follicle count, and antimüllerian hormone level, are also generally performed to predict response to ovarian stimulation with exogenous gonadotropins and assisted reproductive technology. Women with anovulation may be treated in the primary care setting with clomiphene to induce ovulation. Are Sequence Family Variants Useful for Identifying Deletions in the Human Y Chromosome? (PDF, 377 KB) The American Journal of Human Genetics, 2004. Vasectomy. (PDF, 5 MB) From the Encyclopedia of Reproduction, 1999.

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Intrauterine insemination. For this procedure, after semen gets rinsed with a special solution, a doctor places it into your uterus when you're ovulating. Simultaneous Treatment of the Wife in Infertile Couples with Oligospermia. (PDF, 4 MB) Fertility and Sterility, 1983. Infertility caused by DNA defects on the Y chromosome is passed on from father to son. Frequency of intercourse The couple may be advised to have sexual intercourse more often around the time of ovulation. With this condition, boys are born with a different chromosomal make-up, generating an absence of spermatozoa production or minimum generation of sperm that ceases at an early age.

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Fertility treatments for women Fertility drugs might be prescribed to regulate or induce ovulation. Veltman-Verhulst SM, Cohlen BJ, Hughes E, Heineman MJ. 48 However, there is no firm evidence that preconception counseling leads to increased live birth rates, in part because no studies on this topic have been performed. If the egg does not travel, it can be harder to conceive naturally. The second type of laparoscope is very rare in the laparoscope market and in hospitals. Causes of infertility include male factors, ovulatory dysfunction, uterine abnormalities, tubal obstruction, peritoneal factors, or cervical factors.

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This relatively simple test involves the man providing a semen sample for a lab to evaluate. Endometriosis (especially if chronic), uterine fibroids (myomas), or an abnormally-shaped uterus might interfere with conception as well.  Age  As women grow older, it usually becomes more challenging for them to conceive. Infertility may be caused by blockage of the Fallopian tube due to malformations, infections such as chlamydia or scar tissue. For women, being underweight and having extremely low amounts of body fat are associated with ovarian dysfunction and infertility and they have a higher risk for preterm birth. If there is a history of recurrent miscarriages (2 or more) a lupus anticoagulant (LAC) and anti-cardiolipin antibody (ACL) are often done, as well as other tests. Production of the First Offspring from Oocytes Derived from Fresh and Cryopreserved Pre-antral Follicles of Adult Mice. (PDF, 2 MB) Reproductive BioMedicine Online, 2007. If the epididymis is blocked, sperm may not be ejaculated properly. The surgeon can remove implants and scar tissue, and this may reduce pain and aid fertility. IVF and other fertility treatments have resulted in an increase in multiple births, provoking ethical analysis because of the link between multiple pregnancies, premature birth, and a host of health problems. Diet: A lack of folic acid, iron, zinc, and vitamin B-12 can affect fertility. Testis Biopsy and the Infertile Male. (PDF, 20 MB) Chapter 15 from textbook Office Andrology, 2005. 8 Women in group I typically present with amenorrhea and low gonadotropin levels, most commonly from low body weight or excessive exercise. Debate: Are Spermatid Injections of any Clinical Value? (PDF, 6 MB) Human Reproduction, 1998. The drugs are indicated for diseases like corpus luteum insufficiency, anovulational cycles, and normogonadotropic amenorrhea. If the sperm do not have the right shape, or they cannot travel rapidly and accurately towards the egg, conception may be difficult.