Front Page

We have the best source for total information and resources for Infertility Research in Pakistan online.

Hypospadias affects about 1 in every 500 newborn boys. Laparotomy with histopathology is usually indicated, because medical attempts at inducing ovulation (human chorionic gonadotropin, FSH, GnRH) are usually unrewarding. When used in the early follicular phase, letrozole inhibits estrogen synthesis, thereby causing enhanced GnRH pulsatility and consequent FSH and inhibin stimulation.

The chance of a multiple birth is lower with an oral fertility drug. There are also a number of sperm production problems that can contribute to infertility, including: Scrotal varicose veins (varicoceles)  Scrotal varicose veins (varicoceles) are swollen veins causing your testicles to get hotter and affect the production of sperm  These are treated with surgery  Testicular injury   Serious trauma to the testicles such as becoming twisted (torsion) can affect sperm production  Damage from playing sports or an accident can rupture the vessels that supply blood to the testicles  Previous injuries can’t be treated, but an ART treatment may help you to conceive Undescended testicles  In the uterus, baby boys’ testicles form in their abdomen and descend into their scrotum shortly before birth  Some men’s testicles don’t descend before they are born (cryptorchidism), although in these cases they usually drop in the first six months after birth  If left untreated, undescended testicles can affect fertility Testicular cancer  This happens when a malignant tumour in the testicle destroys testicular tissue  If undetected, testicular cancer can spread to other parts of the body  This is treated either by surgery, medication, radiotherapy or chemotherapy  However, cancer therapy can also damage sperm production  Genetic defects  Sometimes, genetic information on the Y chromosome (which is only present in men) is deleted (micro-deletions),6 which can reduce the production of sperm  Depending on where the micro-deletion is on the chromosome, this may be treated by surgically extracting sperm from part of your reproductive tract  However, some couples may need to consider using a donor sperm to conceive Mumps Contracting mumps (or mumps-related orchitis) after puberty may damage the sperm-producing cells in your testicles,  causing infertility or subfertility7 Usually, only one testicle is affected and if you have one functioning testicle you may not need treatment  However, some couples may need to use a sperm donor in order to conceive Anti-sperm antibodies  Anti-sperm antibodies are large proteins in your blood that are hostile to sperm  They can cause sperm to clump together and prevent them from swimming, or they may mistake sperm cells for an infection and try to destroy them  This can be treated using an ART treatment   Lifestyle   Sperm production can be affected by a range of lifestyle factors, including smoking, drinking, drugs, stress, overweight and unhealthy food Environmental factors can also affect your sperm quality, including overheating of your testicles, some sexual lubricants, the chemicals involved in certain manufacturing, painting or printing jobs   These factors are treated by making lifestyle changes, such as wearing loose clothing to avoid overheating Hormonal problems  Hormonal problems are rarely the cause of male infertility problems  However, some men have a natural deficiency in follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinising hormone (LH), which prevents the testicles from producing testosterone or developing healthy sperm  Hormonal problems can usually be treated with medication Obstruction problems Blocked sperm ducts  Occasionally, male sperm ducts (epididymis and vas deferens) can become blocked, meaning that your semen doesn’t contain any sperm  This can be treated with surgery, or sperm may be surgically extracted from part of your reproductive tract  Vasectomy  Some men have had a previous vasectomy to stop them being able to conceive  This can sometimes be reversed using surgery  The procedure’s success depends on how long ago your vasectomy was performed  Previous infections  Infections can cause scarring or adhesions (organs sticking together) in your sperm ducts  This can usually be treated with surgery  Does age affect male fertility? Hysterosalpingo-contrast-ultrasonography - TVS scan during which air and saline or a solution of D-galactose is infused into the uterine cavity and observed to flow along the fallopian tubes. - Requires more expertise. - Less invasive. Gracia CR, Sammel MD, Coutifaris C, Guzick DS, Barnhart KT. Peritubaric adhesions can be caused by endometriosis. Unexplained causes of infertility and sterility Unfortunately, a basic fertility analysis cannot provide an answer for all causes of infertility and some remain unexplained.

Even more Info About Fertility and Infertility Ppt

Here are Some Even more Information on Infertility Research in Pakistan

They can interfere with implantation or block the fallopian tube, preventing sperm from fertilizing the egg. Epidemiology of Sterility and Infertility Sterility and infertility affect about 10 – 15% of couples. The only known risk factor for Klinefelter syndrome is advanced maternal age.

Below are Some Even more Information on Genetic and Infertility

Web of Science, in-addition to the relevant printed medical journals and periodicals. No consensus exists as to whether the medical treatment should precede surgery or vice versa. [154, 155, 156] Those who prefer medical treatment first argue that the size of the endometriosis decreases; therefore, surgery will be easier and shorter.

Below are Some More Details on Genetic and Infertility

M. genitalium infection is associated with increased risk of infertility.[25][26] Genetic[edit] A Robertsonian translocation in either partner may cause recurrent spontaneous abortions or complete infertility.[citation needed] Mutations to NR5A1 gene encoding Steroidogenic Factor-1 (SF-1) have been found in a small subset of men with non-obstructive male factor infertility where the cause is unknown. Once the fluid containing the eggs is removed from the follicles into the vials, they are handed to the embryologist who finds the eggs, places them in tiny droplets on a Petri dish, and then fertilizes the eggs using their partner’s or donor sperm. The initial dosage of clomiphene is 50 mg daily for five days starting on day 3 to 5 of the menstrual cycle. Hypospadias affects about 1 in every 500 newborn boys. For women, being underweight and having extremely low amounts of body fat are associated with ovarian dysfunction and infertility and they have a higher risk for preterm birth. Microsurgery and Andrology. (PDF, 5 MB) Chapter from textbook, 1991. However, given that fertility in women is known to decline steadily with age, some providers evaluate and treat women aged ≥35 years after 6 months of intercourse without the use of contraception (1).