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Semen analysis: A sample may be taken to test for sperm concentration, motility, color, quality, any infections, and whether any blood is present. This seems to result in a significant improvement in fertility, although some studies disagree. 8 Couples with unexplained infertility may want to consider another year of intercourse before moving to more costly and invasive therapies, such as assisted reproductive technology. In this case synthetic FSH by injection or Clomid (Clomiphene citrate) via a pill can be given to stimulate follicles to mature in the ovaries. Chlamydia test: Chlamydia can affect fertility, but antibiotics can treat it. Once eggs and sperm are collected, the actual process of injecting a single sperm into the egg is carried out in a laboratory using a petri dish or a glass slide with a well in the center.

They include: Clomifene (Clomid, Serophene): This encourages ovulation in those who ovulate either irregularly or not at all, because of PCOS or another disorder. Mental stress: This may affect female ovulation and male sperm production and can lead to reduced sexual activity. The easiest and most successful treatment is intrauterine insemination (IUI). [104] Similar treatments apply when oligospermia, hypospermia, and ejaculatory disorders such as impotence, hypospadias, or retrograde ejaculation are present. [105, 106, 107] Patients with azoospermia that is not amenable to in vitro fertilization/intracytoplasmic sperm injection treatment benefit from artificial insemination (AI) with donor sperm. [108] Artificial insemination can be performed by depositing the sperm at the cervical level (cervical insemination) [106] or inside the endometrial cavity (intrauterine insemination). Religious leaders' opinions on fertility treatments; for example, the Roman Catholic Church views infertility as a calling to adopt or to use natural treatments (medication, surgery, or cycle charting) and members must reject assisted reproductive technologies.

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However, if you haven’t had your period in months, it might be a good idea to seek medical advice.  Heavy and/or painful periods: Periods that hamper your daily activity may be a symptom of fibroids in the uterus or endometriosis. The woman may be given a low dose of ovary stimulating hormones. The Effect of Female Age and Ovarian Reserve on Pregnancy Rate in Male Infertility: Treatment of Azoospermia with Sperm Retrieval and Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection. (PDF, 66 KB) Human Reproduction, 1997. The sample should be processed within 1 hour, and 2-3 samples (at a minimum of 2-3 days apart) should be evaluated because of daily variations in sperm number and quality. Partners may become more anxious to conceive, increasing sexual dysfunction.[17] Marital discord often develops, especially when they are under pressure to make medical decisions.

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8,33,35,36 Lastly, in vitro fertilization, with or without intracytoplasmic sperm injection, is the mainstay of assisted reproductive technology for male factor infertility. The fertilized egg is then implanted in the uterus. The only known risk factor for Klinefelter syndrome is advanced maternal age. Surgical Management of Male Infertility. (PDF, 2 MB) Chapter 12 from textbook, Male Infertility, 1992.

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It involves removing eggs from the ovary of a donor who has taken fertility drugs. One of the requirements for this procedure is that a woman should have at least 1 undamaged fallopian tube. The main reasons for fertility tourism are legal regulation of the sought procedure in the home country, or lower price. A couple which is unable to conceive is not the same as a couple which often conceives without difficulties but which then sadly finds that the pregnancy does not go full term. Inhibin B levels have been reported to decrease with increasing weight, which results in decreased Sertoli cells and sperm production. Environmental vs Genetic Sex Determination: A Possible Factor in Dinosaur Extinction? (PDF, 307 KB) Fertility and Sterility, 2004. Obese women have a higher rate of recurrent, early miscarriage compared to non-obese women. Histologic endometrial dating is not considered reliable nor is it predictive of fertility. In the body, testosterone circulates 2% in the free form, 44% bound to sex hormone–binding globulin (SHBG), and 54% bound to albumin. This abnormality is usually surgically corrected in infancy. They can include: Changes in hair growth Changes in sexual desire Pain, lump, or swelling in the testicles Problems with erections and ejaculation Small, firm testicles   When to See the Doctor If you are under 35 and have been trying to get pregnant without success for a year, see your doctor. Fertilization takes place outside the body, and the fertilized egg is reinserted into the woman's reproductive tract, in a procedure called embryo transfer.