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To help objectify sperm morphology and therefore enhance the consistency and reproducibility among laboratories, Kruger introduced a definition of "strict criteria" in 1986. A defect in any of these sperm structures may result in infertility that will not be detected by semen analysis.[60] Antisperm antibodies cause immune infertility.[23][24] Cystic fibrosis can lead to infertility in men. The drugs are indicated for diseases like corpus luteum insufficiency, anovulational cycles, and normogonadotropic amenorrhea. Typical drugs are clomifene, cyclofenil, tamoxifen, and epimestrol among others.

Chronic conditions: These include AIDS or cancer. Renal Transplantation Between Adults and Children. (PDF, 1 MB) Journal of the American Medical Association, 1974. Primary vs. secondary infertility[edit] Primary infertility is defined as the absence of a live birth for women who desire a child and have been in a union for at least 12 months, during which they have not used any contraceptives.[14] The World Health Organisation also adds that 'women whose pregnancy spontaneously miscarries, or whose pregnancy results in a still born child, without ever having had a live birth would present with primarily infertility'.[15] Secondary infertility is defined as the absence of a live birth for women who desire a child and have been in a union for at least 12 months since their last live birth, during which they did not use any contraceptives.[15] Thus the distinguishing feature is whether or not the couple have ever had a pregnancy which led to a live birth. Female factor Dysfunction of the female reproductive organs is also apparent in around 40% of infertile couples. Broekmans FJ, Kwee J, Hendriks DJ, Mol BW, Lambalk CB. It does not include procedures in which only sperm are manipulated, such as intrauterine insemination, or procedures in which a woman takes drugs only to stimulate egg production, without the intention of having eggs retrieved.

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A sperm count of under 15 million is considered low. Effectiveness of the postcoital test: randomised controlled trial. Medical conditions Some medical conditions can affect fertility. Although many of these can be treated through surgery or hormonal substitutions, some may be indefinite.[59] Infertility associated with viable, but immotile sperm may be caused by primary ciliary dyskinesia. View Media Gallery FSH and LH, glycopeptides with a molecular weight of 10,000 Daltons, are each composed of an alpha chain that is identical to that of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), but with a beta chain that is unique for each.

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Treatment The cost of infertility treatment is high [34]. Possible causes include the egg not being released at the right time, the egg’s inability to reach the fallopian tube, or the sperm’s inability to reach the egg.

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Men who are underweight tend to have lower sperm concentrations than those who are at a normal BMI. Problems with the female reproductive system can also contribute to fertility issues.Table of contents Causes in men Causes in women Treatment Types Diagnosis Complications Outlook It may be that one partner cannot contribute to conception, or that a woman is unable to carry a pregnancy to full term. 389 KB ARTICLES FROM THE 1980s Microsurgical Reversal of Female Sterilization: The Role of Tubal Length. (PDF, 2 MB) Fertility and Sterility, 1980. Testicular Transplantation and Autotransplantation. (PDF, 8 MB) Chapter 22 of textbook, Extracorporeal and Microvascular Surgery, 1982. For some women, these devices do not detect the LH surge, or high levels of LH are a poor predictor of ovulation; this is particularly common in women with PCOS. During ejaculation, the ejaculate is propelled forward by the rhythmic contractions of the smooth muscle that surrounds the ducts and by the bulbourethral muscles and other pelvic muscles.