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Some facts about conception and fertility A doctor can give advice and carry out some preliminary assessments. Tubal occlusion A tubal occlusion means there is a blockage in the fallopian tube. Signs of infertility include irregular, excessively heavy, or absent periods as well as sudden weight gain, painful sex, or vaginal infections. In the majority of cases, there are no obvious symptoms that you may be infertile. A sperm count of under 15 million is considered low. One of the best known is the HFEA – The UK's regulator for fertility treatment and embryo research.

In closed social groups, a degree of rejection (or a sense of being rejected by the couple) may cause considerable anxiety and disappointment. Treatment of tubal obstruction generally requires referral for subspecialty care. Ovulation disorders About one quarter of infertility cases are due to ovulation disorders. Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): The ovaries function abnormally and ovulation may not occur.

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Being obese or overweight: This can increase the risk of infertility in women as well as men. Ovulation disorders appear to be the most common cause of infertility in women. About 92 out of 100 couples who are trying to get pregnant do so within two years.[citation needed] Women become less fertile as they get older. The predictive value of hysterosalpingography for tubal and peritoneal infertility factors.

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Theoretically, with this therapy, we can get artificial gamets in vitro. Some women are infertile because their ovaries do not mature and release eggs. There are three main types of fertility treatment: medical treatment (such as ovulation induction therapy); surgical treatment (such as laparoscopy and hysteroscopy); and the different assisted reproduction techniques [37]. 3,4  Infertility may arise from male factors, female factors, or a combination of these (Table 15–8). There are tests that may tell if you have fertility problems.

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The man is advised not to ejaculate for 2 to 3 days before giving the semen sample for evaluation. National Collaborating Centre for Women's and Children's Health. There are also a number of sperm production problems that can contribute to infertility, including: Scrotal varicose veins (varicoceles)  Scrotal varicose veins (varicoceles) are swollen veins causing your testicles to get hotter and affect the production of sperm  These are treated with surgery  Testicular injury   Serious trauma to the testicles such as becoming twisted (torsion) can affect sperm production  Damage from playing sports or an accident can rupture the vessels that supply blood to the testicles  Previous injuries can’t be treated, but an ART treatment may help you to conceive Undescended testicles  In the uterus, baby boys’ testicles form in their abdomen and descend into their scrotum shortly before birth  Some men’s testicles don’t descend before they are born (cryptorchidism), although in these cases they usually drop in the first six months after birth  If left untreated, undescended testicles can affect fertility Testicular cancer  This happens when a malignant tumour in the testicle destroys testicular tissue  If undetected, testicular cancer can spread to other parts of the body  This is treated either by surgery, medication, radiotherapy or chemotherapy  However, cancer therapy can also damage sperm production  Genetic defects  Sometimes, genetic information on the Y chromosome (which is only present in men) is deleted (micro-deletions),6 which can reduce the production of sperm  Depending on where the micro-deletion is on the chromosome, this may be treated by surgically extracting sperm from part of your reproductive tract  However, some couples may need to consider using a donor sperm to conceive Mumps Contracting mumps (or mumps-related orchitis) after puberty may damage the sperm-producing cells in your testicles,  causing infertility or subfertility7 Usually, only one testicle is affected and if you have one functioning testicle you may not need treatment  However, some couples may need to use a sperm donor in order to conceive Anti-sperm antibodies  Anti-sperm antibodies are large proteins in your blood that are hostile to sperm  They can cause sperm to clump together and prevent them from swimming, or they may mistake sperm cells for an infection and try to destroy them  This can be treated using an ART treatment   Lifestyle   Sperm production can be affected by a range of lifestyle factors, including smoking, drinking, drugs, stress, overweight and unhealthy food Environmental factors can also affect your sperm quality, including overheating of your testicles, some sexual lubricants, the chemicals involved in certain manufacturing, painting or printing jobs   These factors are treated by making lifestyle changes, such as wearing loose clothing to avoid overheating Hormonal problems  Hormonal problems are rarely the cause of male infertility problems  However, some men have a natural deficiency in follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinising hormone (LH), which prevents the testicles from producing testosterone or developing healthy sperm  Hormonal problems can usually be treated with medication Obstruction problems Blocked sperm ducts  Occasionally, male sperm ducts (epididymis and vas deferens) can become blocked, meaning that your semen doesn’t contain any sperm  This can be treated with surgery, or sperm may be surgically extracted from part of your reproductive tract  Vasectomy  Some men have had a previous vasectomy to stop them being able to conceive  This can sometimes be reversed using surgery  The procedure’s success depends on how long ago your vasectomy was performed  Previous infections  Infections can cause scarring or adhesions (organs sticking together) in your sperm ducts  This can usually be treated with surgery  Does age affect male fertility? Some causes, such as hyperprolactinemia, are reversible with proper treatment.