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Less than 50% motility may significantly affect the ability for sperm to fertilize the egg without therapy; and (4) morphology, or shape – there are three parts of the sperm that are analyzed for morphology: the head, midpeice, and tail. In 1981, Semm, from the gynecological clinic of Kiel University, Germany, performed the first laparoscopic appendectomy. Pregnancies after Testicular Sperm Extraction and Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection in Non-obstructive Azoospermia. (PDF, 3 MB) Human Reproduction, 1995. Successful Vitrification of Bovine and Human Ovarian Tissue. (PDF, 3 MB) Reproductive BioMedicine Online, 2009.

Changes in virility, often governed by hormones, could indicate issues with fertility. Polycystic ovarian syndrome is the most frequent indication for ovulation induction. Sperm can survive inside the female for up to 5 days, while an egg can be fertilized for up to 1 day after ovulation.

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Obesity and increased risk for oligozoospermia and azoospermia. Female and male factors are equally responsible for infertility, about 30% to 40% each, and in 20% of the cases, there is a combination of both. Radiation treatment and/or chemotherapy for cancer. Understanding the normal reproductive process is essential in knowing when to seek help. Operative laparoscopy: This technique is indicated for pedunculated and superficial intramural myomas.

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At least one open tube is required for IUI, and the sperm abnormality cannot be severe otherwise the sperm will not be able to swim to and fertilize the egg. Genetics of Male Infertility: Evolution of the X and Y Chromosome and Transmission of Male Infertility to Future Generations. (PDF, 10 MB) Chapter 5 from Essential IVF, 2004. In addition to a careful history, a physical evaluation may also be performed. If a woman needs an HCG injection to activate ovulation and ultrasound scans show that too many follicles have developed, it is possible to withhold the HCG injection.

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The ovaries can stop working in about 5% of cases. World Health Organization[edit] The World Health Organization defines infertility as follows:[10] United States[edit] One definition of infertility that is frequently used in the United States by reproductive endocrinologists, doctors who specialize in infertility, to consider a couple eligible for treatment is: a woman under 35 has not conceived after 12 months of contraceptive-free intercourse. London, United Kingdom: National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE); February 2013:1–63. (Clinical guideline no. Carcinoma in the Bladder Left Behind. (PDF, 3 MB) The Journal of Urology, 1973. The surgeon can remove implants and scar tissue, and this may reduce pain and aid fertility. For instance, women with hyper or hypo-thyroidism sometimes have ovulation problems.