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Surgical sperm aspiration: The sperm is removed from part of the male reproductive tract, such as the vas deferens, testicle, or epididymis. Affected individuals displayed more severe forms of infertility such as azoospermia and severe oligozoospermia.[27] Other causes[edit] Factors that can cause male as well as female infertility are: DNA damage DNA damage reduces fertility in female ovocytes, as caused by smoking,[28] other xenobiotic DNA damaging agents (such as radiation or chemotherapy)[29] or accumulation of the oxidative DNA damage 8-hydroxy-deoxyguanosine[30] DNA damage reduces fertility in male sperm, as caused by oxidative DNA damage,[31] smoking,[28] other xenobiotic DNA damaging agents (such as drugs or chemotherapy)[32] or other DNA damaging agents including reactive oxygen species, fever or high testicular temperature.[33] The damaged DNA related to infertility manifests itself by the increased susceptibility to denaturation inducible by heat or acid [34] or by the presence of double-strand breaks that can be detected by the TUNEL assay.[35] General factors Diabetes mellitus,[36][37] thyroid disorders,[38] undiagnosed and untreated coeliac disease,[39][40][41][42] adrenal disease[43] Hypothalamic-pituitary factors Hyperprolactinemia Hypopituitarism The presence of anti-thyroid antibodies is associated with an increased risk of unexplained subfertility with an odds ratio of 1. Prior surgeries Certain surgeries may prevent you from having sperm in your ejaculate, including vasectomy, inguinal hernia repairs, scrotal or testicular surgeries, prostate surgeries, and large abdominal surgeries performed for testicular and rectal cancers, among others. Vascular injuries can result in hemorrhage that may be life-threatening. Male and female factors can exist in isolation or combination and fertility investigations, diagnoses and treatment should always be considered in the context of the couple.       Male factor Sperm problems will contribute to about 40% of infertility cases.

549 KB Effect of Age on Male Fertility. (PDF, 5 MB) Chapter from textbook, Seminars in Reproductive Endocrinology, 1991. If the egg does not travel, it can be harder to conceive naturally. The initial result of the procedure is not detected before 3 months because spermatogenesis takes 72 days.

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24 Other tests of ovarian reserve, such as the clomiphene (Clomid) challenge test, antral follicle count, and antimüllerian hormone level, are also generally performed to predict response to ovarian stimulation with exogenous gonadotropins and assisted reproductive technology. No role for: Post-coital testing for cervical mucous. Endometrial Biopsy.

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Erectile dysfunction, vaginismus (painful involuntary spasm of vagina preventing intercourse) and dyspareunia (pain during sexual intercourse) can explain involuntary childlessness in some couples. If an endocrinopathy, such as hyperprolactinemia, is diagnosed, the underlying cause should be treated. Causes in men The following are common causes of infertility in men. Laparoscopy: A thin, flexible tube with a camera at the end is inserted into the abdomen and pelvis, allowing a doctor to look at the fallopian tubes, uterus, and ovaries.

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Factors like stress or heavy workouts can cause your period to temporarily disappear. Changes in sexual desire A man’s fertility is also linked with his hormone health. Debate: Are Spermatid Injections of any Clinical Value? (PDF, 6 MB) Human Reproduction, 1998. However, in our modern era, women are delaying child birth until their thirties and forties, which has lead to the discovery of the adverse effect of advanced maternal age on egg function. The ovaries can stop working in about 5% of cases. In humans, infertility is the inability to become pregnant after one year of intercourse without contraception involving a male and female partner.[2] There are many causes of infertility, including some that medical intervention can treat.[3] Estimates from 1997 suggest that worldwide about five percent of all heterosexual couples have an unresolved problem with infertility. Outside pregnancy and lactation, women with high levels of prolactin may have irregular ovulation cycles and fertility problems. Is Congenital Bilateral Absence of Vas Deferens a Primary Form of Cystic Fibrosis? Laparoscopic techniques have also been developed in the field of veterinary medicine. Signs of Potential Infertility in Women In women, changes in the menstrual cycle and ovulation may be a symptom of a disease related to infertility. The Effect of Female Age and Ovarian Reserve on Pregnancy Rate in Male Infertility: Treatment of Azoospermia with Sperm Retrieval and Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection. (PDF, 66 KB) Human Reproduction, 1997. Females[edit] The following causes of infertility may only be found in females. This results in negative feedback stimulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis, causing an increase release of gonadotropins and testosterone.