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Primary infertility When a woman is unable to ever bear a child, either due to the inability to become pregnant or the inability to carry a pregnancy to a live birth she would be classified as having primary infertility. Clean, Intermittent Self-catheterization in the Treatment of Urinary Tract Disease. (PDF, 2 MB) The Journal of Urology, 1972. If the epididymis is blocked, sperm may not be ejaculated properly. Earn up to 6 CME credits per issue.     To see the full article, log in or purchase access. Uterine fibroids Fibroids are noncancerous growths in the uterus. Clinical Characterization of 42 Oligospermic or Azoospermic Men with Microdeletion of the AZFc Region of the Y Chromosome, and of 18 Children Conceived via ICSI. (PDF, 606 KB) Human Reproduction, 2002.

Vasectomy and its Microsurgical Reversal. (PDF, 17 MB) Urologic Clinics of North America, 1978. Surgical sperm aspiration: The sperm is removed from part of the male reproductive tract, such as the vas deferens, testicle, or epididymis. Cholesterol One study has found that high cholesterol levels may have an impact on fertility in women. Testis Biopsy and the Infertile Male. (PDF, 20 MB) Chapter 15 from textbook Office Andrology, 2005. Start CC at the initial dose of 50 mg/day for 5 days.

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A causal therapeutic approach does not exist and an important component is the prevention of hyperstimulation syndrome. Unexplained Even after a full fertility work-up, for one in five couples an exact cause of infertility cannot be determined. In 1985, Erich Mühe performed the first laparoscopic cholecystectomy. And about 15% of infertile men have normal semen and plenty of normal sperm. Fertilization takes place outside the body, and the fertilized egg is reinserted into the woman's reproductive tract, in a procedure called embryo transfer. Male infertility refers to a male’s inability to cause a pregnancy in a fertile female.   Causes vary.   Testing is available.   Medication or surgery.

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When anatomic variance or obstruction is suspected, referral for surgical evaluation and treatment is appropriate. Men should undergo evaluation with a semen analysis. United Kingdom[edit] In the UK, previous NICE guidelines defined infertility as failure to conceive after regular unprotected sexual intercourse for two years in the absence of known reproductive pathology.[11] Updated NICE guidelines do not include a specific definition, but recommend that "A woman of reproductive age who has not conceived after 1 year of unprotected vaginal sexual intercourse, in the absence of any known cause of infertility, should be offered further clinical assessment and investigation along with her partner, with earlier referral to a specialist if the woman is over 36 years of age."[12] Other definitions[edit] Researchers commonly base demographic studies on infertility prevalence on a five-year period.[13] Practical measurement problems, however, exist for any definition, because it is difficult to measure continuous exposure to the risk of pregnancy over a period of years. 4) In Vitro Fertilization (IVF): In vitro means “outside the body.” IVF is a process whereby eggs are collected and then fertilized by sperm outside the body, in an embryology laboratory.

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Your doctor will determine if you are at risk of having endometriosis based on a careful history, physical exam, and ultrasound. It will take time until these studies can be available for clinics and patients as a regularity. Small calculi may block the ejaculatory ducts, or prostatic cysts may extrinsically block the ducts. Secondary infertility is used to refer to those cases in which miscarriages occur after having had one successful pregnancy.Infertility has traditionally been thought of as a woman's problem. Other testing may be needed based on circumstances, including testicular biopsy, genetic testing, and imaging (Table 36–8,10,19,20). The Fate of Non-absorbable Intraureteral Suture. (PDF, 233 KB) The Journal of Urology, 1973. The stimulation of follicular maturation is continued with HMG or FSH. Vasectomy. (PDF, 5 MB) From the Encyclopedia of Reproduction, 1999. Ovulation disorders can be treated with ovulation-inducing drugs. 9 Because anxiety over infertility may cause increased stress and decreased libido, further compounding the problem, formal counseling is encouraged for couples experiencing infertility. There's a link between increased temperature of the scrotum and reduced semen quality, but it's uncertain whether wearing loose-fitting underwear improves fertility.  Testicles The testicles produce and store sperm. This abnormality is usually surgically corrected in infancy. They can include: Changes in hair growth Changes in sexual desire Pain, lump, or swelling in the testicles Problems with erections and ejaculation Small, firm testicles   When to See the Doctor If you are under 35 and have been trying to get pregnant without success for a year, see your doctor. Effects[edit] Psychological[edit] The consequences of infertility are manifold and can include societal repercussions and personal suffering.