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Techniques for the Resolution of Testicular Obstruction. (PDF, 8 MB) Chapter 78 from textbook, Reconstructive Urology, 1992. Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): The ovaries function abnormally and ovulation may not occur. Treatment Possibilities: Female Infertility Depending on the cause of infertility, there are different possibilities for treatment. In patients with nonobstructive azoospermia, retrograde ejaculation can be the etiologic factor. [107] The treatment consists of recovering sperm from a urine sample collected immediately after ejaculation. The woman is instructed to measures her body temperature every morning as soon as she wakes up, before she gets out of bed or before she eats or drinks anything. In these methods, fertilization occurs inside the body.

Passive smoking has also been linked to lower fertility. Sermondade N, Faure C, Fezeu L, Lévy R, Czernichow S; Obesity-Fertility Collaborative Group. But the question that should be answered one day is: will the output quality be compromised with such approach? Surgical sperm aspiration: The sperm is removed from part of the male reproductive tract, such as the vas deferens, testicle, or epididymis. Pregnancy with Sperm Aspiration from the Proximal Head of the Epididymis: A New Treatment for Congenital Absence of the Vas Deferens. (PDF, 2 MB) Fertility and Sterility, 1988. In 30% of all cases, the cause is in both partners: combined sterility.

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Human menopausal gonadotropins Crowe discovered that the gonads were under the control of the anterior hypophysis. [175] Zondek and Aschheim discovered that FSH and LH were responsible for the development of the gonads in immature animals and confirmed Crowe's work. [135, 136] In the 1930s, ovulation induction was attempted by using gonadotropins from a mare, but its use was discontinued because of the development of antibodies. [176, 177] Borth et al demonstrated the effect of FSH and LH extracted from menopausal urine. [178, 179] Gemzell reported the first ovulation induction using human pituitary gonadotropin in 1958, and the first pregnancy was reported in 1960. [180, 181] Lunenfeld reported preliminary results using hMG; however, in 1963, it was definitely established as a real ovulation induction agent. [182, 183, 184] Human menopausal gonadotropin (hMG [eg, Repronex, Menopur]) contains 75 U of FSH and 75 U of LH per mL, although the concentration may vary among batches (ranges from FSH at 60-90 U and LH at 60-120 U). Women with regular menstrual cycles are likely to be ovulating and should be offered serum progesterone testing at day 21 to confirm ovulation. 4 IU per L]) can help differentiate between primary and secondary disorders. There may be testicular malformations, hormone imbalance, or blockage of the man's duct system. Alternatively, the patient may bypass surgical treatment and proceed directly to intrauterine insemination or in vitro fertilization, depending on the severity and the female partner's age.

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Fertility Evaluation of the Male Partner: Other Tests Other tests for men include: Urine analysis to rule out an infection. Aetiology of Congenital Absence of Vas Deferens: Genetic Study of Three Generations. (PDF, 4 MB) Human Reproduction, 1993. In addition, infertility is considered also a public problem. Up to 2 percent of men are thought to have suboptimal sperm. These include advancing maternal age, severe male factor infertility (whereby ICSI can be used to fertilize the egg), and endometriosis, amongst many others.

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Alkalinizing the urine before the procedure is necessary. Thoracentesis is rarely indicated in cases of pleural effusion. Preliminary Tests of a New Reversible Male Contraceptive in Bush Dog, Speothos Venaticus: Open-ended Vasectomy and Microscopic Reversal. (PDF, 106 KB) Journal of Zoo and Wildlife, 2006. Laparoscopy for Cryptorchidism. (PDF, 1 MB) The Journal of Urology, 1980. Undescended testicle may be isolated or may be observed as part of a syndrome such as prune belly syndrome. Fallopian tubes that are patent and will function to permit the sperm and ovum to meet and allow migration of the conceptus to the uterus. In fact, the “window of opportunity” for fertilization is thought to last only a few hours, thus requiring sperm availability in the female genital tract at or shortly before ovulation. The majority of men with varicocele present no symptoms.