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A varicocele is like a varicose vein that can appear in the leg. Clinical examinations start with ovarian causes of sterility. As the amount of adipose tissue increases, there is more aromatase available to convert androgens, and serum estradiol levels increase.

When Predictions Don’t Predict. (PDF, 549 KB) The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 1991. Rarely, a blood clot may develop in an artery or vein, liver or kidney problems can arise, and respiratory distress may develop. They can often recommend a counselor and others who can offer appropriate support. Malformation of the eggs themselves may complicate conception. The opening improves the ability of the embryo to implant into the uterine lining.

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Moderate ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome is characterized by ovarian enlargement (5-12 cm in diameter) moderate ascites, nausea, vomiting, abdominal discomfort, and weight gain greater than 10 lb. Fallopian tube factor: in vivo fertilisation takes place inside the fallopian tubes. XX male (sex reversal syndrome) An XX karyotype is due to a crossover of the sex-determining region (SRY) of the Y chromosome (with the testis determining factor) to either the X chromosome or an autosome. 2012;27(8):2396–2404.   Want to use this article elsewhere?

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Key to the diagnosis of male infertility is a semen analysis, which assesses primarily sperm numbers, sperm movement and sperm form. Less than 50% motility may significantly affect the ability for sperm to fertilize the egg without therapy; and (4) morphology, or shape – there are three parts of the sperm that are analyzed for morphology: the head, midpeice, and tail. As treatment begins, couples may experience cycles of optimism and despair with each passing menstrual cycle. Retrograde ejaculation: Sperm can be taken directly from the bladder and injected into an egg in the laboratory.

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The choices I found myself having to make in the years that followed, and the mounting agony of repeat in vitro fertilization (IVF) cycles, left me devastated. Living with male infertility When Steve S. of Joliet, Illinois was diagnosed with male infertility, he felt profound disappointment. Risk factors for the formation of antisperm antibodies in men include the breakdown of the blood‑testis barrier, trauma and surgery, orchitis, varicocele, infections, prostatitis, testicular cancer, failure of immunosuppression and unprotected receptive anal or oral sex with men.[23][24] Sexually transmitted infections[edit] Infections with the following sexually transmitted pathogens have a negative effect on fertility: Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Affected individuals displayed more severe forms of infertility such as azoospermia and severe oligozoospermia.[27] Other causes[edit] Factors that can cause male as well as female infertility are: DNA damage DNA damage reduces fertility in female ovocytes, as caused by smoking,[28] other xenobiotic DNA damaging agents (such as radiation or chemotherapy)[29] or accumulation of the oxidative DNA damage 8-hydroxy-deoxyguanosine[30] DNA damage reduces fertility in male sperm, as caused by oxidative DNA damage,[31] smoking,[28] other xenobiotic DNA damaging agents (such as drugs or chemotherapy)[32] or other DNA damaging agents including reactive oxygen species, fever or high testicular temperature.[33] The damaged DNA related to infertility manifests itself by the increased susceptibility to denaturation inducible by heat or acid [34] or by the presence of double-strand breaks that can be detected by the TUNEL assay.[35] General factors Diabetes mellitus,[36][37] thyroid disorders,[38] undiagnosed and untreated coeliac disease,[39][40][41][42] adrenal disease[43] Hypothalamic-pituitary factors Hyperprolactinemia Hypopituitarism The presence of anti-thyroid antibodies is associated with an increased risk of unexplained subfertility with an odds ratio of 1. It has been suggested that infertility be classified as a form of disability.[22] Causes[edit] Immune infertility[edit] Antisperm antibodies (ASA) have been considered as infertility cause in around 10–30% of infertile couples.[23] In both men and women, ASA production are directed against surface antigens on sperm, which can interfere with sperm motility and transport through the female reproductive tract, inhibiting capacitation and acrosome reaction, impaired fertilization, influence on the implantation process, and impaired growth and development of the embryo. Infertility caused by DNA defects on the Y chromosome is passed on from father to son. Epididymal Surgery. (PDF, 8 MB) Chapter 8 from textbook, Infertility, 1992.