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Primary sterility exists when the couple has never fallen pregnant and secondary sterility when the issue arises following one successful pregnancy but no further pregnancies. Tests such as semen analysis, hormone testing, transrectal and scrotal ultrasound may also be performed. Laparoscopy: A thin, flexible tube with a camera at the end is inserted into the abdomen and pelvis, allowing a doctor to look at the fallopian tubes, uterus, and ovaries.

Sperm production problems One of the most common causes of male infertility is problems with sperm production. If oligospermia or azoospermia is noted, hypogonadism should be suspected. 8 Patients should be counseled that 50% of couples who have not conceived in the first year of trying will conceive in the second year. Primary vs. secondary infertility[edit] Primary infertility is defined as the absence of a live birth for women who desire a child and have been in a union for at least 12 months, during which they have not used any contraceptives.[14] The World Health Organisation also adds that 'women whose pregnancy spontaneously miscarries, or whose pregnancy results in a still born child, without ever having had a live birth would present with primarily infertility'.[15] Secondary infertility is defined as the absence of a live birth for women who desire a child and have been in a union for at least 12 months since their last live birth, during which they did not use any contraceptives.[15] Thus the distinguishing feature is whether or not the couple have ever had a pregnancy which led to a live birth.

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Factors affecting Fertility Low body weight - Women with BMI less than 19 and irregular menstruation should be counselled to gain weight. Smoking - Strong association between smoking and fertility in both partners. - Affects success rates of ARTs. Unhealthy living and poor eating habits, as well as exposure to toxic substances such as alcohol, tobacco and other contaminants, also have a negative impact on fertility. Women in group III can conceive only with oocyte donation and in vitro fertilization. 8,46 Obesity impairs fertility and the response to fertility treatments, including in vitro fertilization; therefore, it is advisable to counsel patients who are obese to lose weight before conception or infertility treatments.

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Embryo Development after ICSI Using Testicular, Epididymal and Ejaculated Spermatozoa. (PDF, 2 MB) Frontiers in Endocrinology, 1995. Results of one study investigating a cohort of 315 men revealed changes within the hinge region of SF-1 and no rare allelic variants in fertile control men. Alkalinizing the urine before the procedure is necessary. Effect of male age on fertility: evidence for the decline in male fertility with increasing age. IUI increases the number of the sperm in the fallopian tubes, where fertilization takes place. Often, in vitro fertilization (IVF) can reveal abnormalities in egg quality, sperm function, or embryo development that would not have been determined from standard testing.

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With this treatment, the patient experience spermatogenesis, and therefore, it has the chance to have offspring if he wants to. Medical conditions Some medical conditions can affect fertility. 2012;27(8):2396–2404.   Want to use this article elsewhere? Placenta Percreta Invading Bladder. (PDF, 2 MB) The Journal of Urology, 1973. Chemotherapy: Some types may significantly reduce sperm count. If an endocrinopathy, such as hyperprolactinemia, is diagnosed, the underlying cause should be treated.