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Techniques for the Resolution of Testicular Obstruction. (PDF, 8 MB) Chapter 78 from textbook, Reconstructive Urology, 1992. Studies have shown that approximately 70% of miscarriages are due to chromosomal abnormalities.

Clinical Characterization of 42 Oligospermic or Azoospermic Men with Microdeletion of the AZFc Region of the Y Chromosome, and of 18 Children Conceived via ICSI. (PDF, 606 KB) Human Reproduction, 2002. Erectile dysfunction or premature ejaculation: Medication, behavioral approaches, or both may help improve fertility. Experts differ as to when genetic tests should be done. The main causes of tubal infertility are pelvic infections caused by bacteria such as chlamydia, previous abdominal disease or surgery and ectopic pregnancy. • Endometriosis is characterised by excessive growth of the lining of the uterus. The Male-specific Region of the Human Y Chromsome is a Mosaic of Discrete Sequence Classes. (PDF, 754 KB) Nature, 2003.

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Low testosterone (male hypogonadism) and other hormonal problems have a number of possible underlying causes. Primary vs. secondary infertility[edit] Primary infertility is defined as the absence of a live birth for women who desire a child and have been in a union for at least 12 months, during which they have not used any contraceptives.[14] The World Health Organisation also adds that 'women whose pregnancy spontaneously miscarries, or whose pregnancy results in a still born child, without ever having had a live birth would present with primarily infertility'.[15] Secondary infertility is defined as the absence of a live birth for women who desire a child and have been in a union for at least 12 months since their last live birth, during which they did not use any contraceptives.[15] Thus the distinguishing feature is whether or not the couple have ever had a pregnancy which led to a live birth.

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Retrograde ejaculation: Sperm can be taken directly from the bladder and injected into an egg in the laboratory. For unknown reasons, as women age, egg numbers decrease at a rapid rate. Common causes of infertility of females include: ovulation problems (e.g. polycystic ovarian syndrome, PCOS, the leading reason why women present to fertility clinics due to anovulatory infertility.[58]) tubal blockage pelvic inflammatory disease caused by infections like tuberculosis age-related factors uterine problems previous tubal ligation endometriosis advanced maternal age immune infertility Males[edit] The main cause of male infertility is low semen quality. Uterine fibroid embolization (UFE) consists of catheterization of the uterine artery and the injection of microbeads of polyvinyl alcohol to selectively occlude the circulation of the fibroid.

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Ovulation disorders can be treated with ovulation-inducing drugs. Carcinoma in the Bladder Left Behind. (PDF, 3 MB) The Journal of Urology, 1973. Egg donation. This can help you if you have ovaries that don't work right but you have a normal uterus. Ovulation induction and intrauterine insemination are used after completion of the treatment in hopes of expediting the establishment of a pregnancy before relapse of the disease. [39, 157, 158] Treatment of Ovarian Factors Ovulation induction is the appropriate treatment for infertile patients who have dysfunction of the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis. Lack of ovulation Patients with anovulation who did not ovulate after several cycles of CC at different doses of treatment are deemed clomiphene resistant. While chromosomal failure is usually caused by abnormalities of the sex chromosomes, autosomal disorders are also observed. However, for certain very poor specimens with low original concentrations of motile sperm, the use of the gradient system results in such a negligible recovery as to render it useless. Also searched were the Cochrane database, the National Guideline Clearinghouse database, Dynamed, and Essential Evidence Plus. Unexplained infertility[edit] In the US, up to 20% of infertile couples have unexplained infertility.[61] In these cases abnormalities are likely to be present but not detected by current methods. Endometriosis: Cells that normally occur within the lining of the uterus start growing elsewhere in the body. When exercising their judgement, professionals and practitioners are expected to take this guideline fully into account, alongside the individual needs, preferences and values of their patients or the people using their service.