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Role of Semen Analysis in Subfertile Couples. (PDF, 250 KB) Fertility and Sterility, 2010. Infertility rates have increased by 4% since the 1980s, mostly from problems with fecundity due to an increase in age.[72] Fertility problems affect one in seven couples in the UK. Chemotherapy: Some types may significantly reduce sperm count. Kennel or cattery management should allow for breeding males to remain cool during the summer. Successful Vitrification of Bovine and Human Ovarian Tissue. (PDF, 3 MB) Reproductive BioMedicine Online, 2009. Three main events necessary for pregnancy to occur are: Ovulation: the process by which the mature egg is released from one of the woman’s ovaries.

About 85 percent of male-female couples will be able to get pregnant within 12 months of trying. Ovulation problems can be a result of:  polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) thyroid problems – both an overactive thyroid gland and an underactive thyroid gland can prevent ovulation premature ovarian failure – where a woman's ovaries stop working before the age of 40 Scarring from surgery Pelvic surgery can damage and scar the fallopian tubes, which link the ovaries to the womb. Some problems stop an egg being released at all, while others prevent an egg being released during some cycles but not others. They can be blocked due to numerous causes, including infections,  trauma or abnormal development, such as with cystic fibrosis or similar inherited conditions.

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Additionally, there is concern that the stress of a strict schedule for intercourse may lead to reduced frequency of intercourse. This abnormality is usually surgically corrected in infancy. A Physical Map of the Human Y Chromosome. (PDF, 160 KB) Nature, 2001. Oocyte Vitrification – Women’s Emancipation Set in Stone. (PDF, 70 KB) Fertility and Sterility, 2008. Endometriosis Endometriosis is a condition where small pieces of the womb lining (the endometrium) start growing in other places, such as the ovaries.

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Ovulation disorders can be due to: Premature ovarian failure: The ovaries stop working before the age of 40 years. If natural selection is the primary error correction mechanism that prevents random mutations on the Y chromosome, then fertility treatments for men with abnormal sperm (in particular ICSI) only defer the underlying problem to the next male generation. Patients may achieve normal virilization and adult phenotype by the administration of exogenous testosterone, but they are infertile. The Treatment of Azoospermia with Surgery and ICSI. (PDF, 4 MB) Chapter 10 from Male Fertility & Infertility, 1998. When this happens, it causes something called a varicocele. Intrauterine insemination 50% of women will conceive after 6 cycles. Half of the unsuccessful ones, will conceive with further 6 cycles. It is artificial introduction of semen inside the female’s uterus. Success rate varies, lie between 15% to 20% per cycle.

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Source : Infertility In Men And Women With Cf PPT Presentation Summary : Infertility in Men and Women with CF Julia Broaddus March 15, 2006 Infertility Inability to conceive after a year of trying 33% -33%-15% Female Infertility Source : Embryo cryopreservation (via ovulation induction) Oocyte cryopreservation. A specific portion of the androgen receptor gene, exon 1, has been studied in infertile males and a meta-analysis that involved males with idiopathic infertility and fertile controls found that infertility was directly correlated with the length of CAG repeats in this exon.[23] Y chromosome microdeletion syndrome The long arm of the Y chromosome (Yq) is considered critical for fertility, especially Yq11. Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome The ovaries can swell, leak excess fluid into the body, and produce too many follicles, the small fluid sacs in which an egg develops. Transplantation of Rat Kidneys with Acute Tubular Necrosis into Salt-loaded and Normal Recipients. (PDF, 2 MB)Surgery, 1975. This technological innovation provided the means to project a magnified view of the operative field onto a monitor and, at the same time, freed both the operating surgeon's hands, thereby facilitating performance of complex laparoscopic procedures. Once the follicles (fluid filled sacs containing the eggs) reach a mature size, an HCG injection is administered which leads to final development and maturation of the eggs. Are Sequence Family Variants Useful for Identifying Deletions in the Human Y Chromosome? (PDF, 377 KB) The American Journal of Human Genetics, 2004. Ovulation disorders appear to be the most common cause of infertility in women. In ZIFT, your doctor places the fertilized eggs -- at this stage called zygotes -- into your fallopian tubes within 24 hours. This can be related to hormone issues, or to polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). Debate: Are Spermatid Injections of any Clinical Value? (PDF, 6 MB) Human Reproduction, 1998. Optimizing natural fertility: a committee opinion. 33 Use of antioxidants such as zinc, vitamin E, or l-carnitine showed increased live birth rates in three small randomized controlled trials in couples undergoing assisted reproductive technology. If a lack of sperm is suspected, surgery, hormones and assisted reproductive surgery can correct the problem. 6 Women with risk factors for tubal obstruction, such as endometriosis, previous pelvic infections, or ectopic pregnancy, should instead be offered hysteroscopy or laparoscopy with dye to assess for other pelvic pathology.