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Existing definitions of infertility lack uniformity, rendering comparisons in prevalence between countries or over time problematic. Testicular Neoplasm in Father and Son. (PDF, 561 KB) The Journal of Urology, 1972. Endometriosis can only be confirmed by surgery, usually laparoscopy. If he has two X chromosomes and one Y chromosome, as in Klinefelter's syndrome, the testicles will develop abnormally and there will be low testosterone and a low sperm count or no sperm. Females[edit] The following causes of infertility may only be found in females.

The fertilized embryo is then transferred to womb. The types of ART include: In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) Gamete Intrafallopian Transfer (GIFT) Zygote Intrafallopian Transfer (ZIFT) Another ART procedure – Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI) – is used mainly in cases of male infertility to treat couples who cannot achieve fertilization due to the male partner’s extremely low number of normal, viable sperm. In some cases this can also cause considerable pain when breathing.

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Urofollitropin (eg, Bravelle) contains 75 U of FSH. Couples will have to consider the ethical and emotional aspects of this procedure. Existing definitions of infertility lack uniformity, rendering comparisons in prevalence between countries or over time problematic. Physical Problems A variety of physical problems can cause male infertility.  These problems either interfere with the sperm production process or disrupt the pathway down which sperm travel from the testes to the tip of the penis.  These problems are usually characterized by a low sperm count and/or abnormal sperm morphology.  The following is a list of the most common physical problems that cause male infertility: Variocoele: A varicocele is an enlargement of the internal spermatic veins that drain blood from the testicle to the abdomen (back to the heart) and are present in 15% of the general male population and 40% of infertile men.  These images show what a variocoele looks like externally and internally.  A varicocele develops when the one way valves in these spermatic veins are damaged causing an abnormal back flow of blood from the abdomen into the scrotum creating a hostile environment for sperm development.  Varicocoeles may cause reduced sperm count and abnormal sperm morphology which cause infertility.  Variococles can usually be diagnosed by a physical examination of the scrotum which can be aided by the Doppler stethoscope and scrotal ultrasound.  Varicocoele can be treated in many ways (see treatment section), but the most successful treatments involve corrective surgery. Article Sections Infertility is defined as the inability to achieve pregnancy after one year of regular, unprotected intercourse.

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Hjollund NH, Storgaard L, Ernst E, Bonde JP, Olsen J. Retrograde Ejaculation: Is a condition in which semen is ejaculated into the bladder rather than out through the urethra because the bladder sphincter does not close during ejaculation.  If this disorder is present, ejaculate volume is small and urine may be cloudy after ejaculation.  This condition affects 1.

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Ovulation should be documented by serum progesterone level measurement at cycle day 21. Microsurgery for Vasectomy Reversal and Vasoepididymostomy. (PDF, 13 MB) Urology, 1984. Practice Committee of American Society for Reproductive Medicine in collaboration with Society for Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility. It is often defined as not conceiving after 12 months of regular sexual intercourse without the use of birth control. Diagnosis Male infertility is usually diagnosed by a semen analysis. Also, polymorphisms in folate pathway genes could be one reason for fertility complications in some women with unexplained infertility.[62] However, a growing body of evidence suggests that epigenetic modifications in sperm may be partially responsible.[63][64] Diagnosis[edit] If both partners are young and healthy and have been trying to conceive for one year without success, a visit to a physician or women's health nurse practitioner (WHNP) could help to highlight potential medical problems earlier rather than later. Vasoepididymostomy to the Head of the Epididymis: Recovery of Normal Spermatozoal Motility. (PDF, 3 MB)Fertility and Sterility, 1980. Only an additional 7% of couples will conceive in the second year. The use of Epididymal and Testicular Spermatozoa for Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection: The Genetic Implications for Male Infertility. (PDF, 8 MB) Human Reproduction, 1995.