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Vasectomy. (PDF, 5 MB) From the Encyclopedia of Reproduction, 1999. As new technology becomes available, fertility treatment is now accessible to more people, and success rates and safety are improving all the time. Causes Potential causes of male infertility are: The complete absence of sperm (azoospermia) Low sperm count (oligospermia) Abnormal sperm shape (teratozoospermia) Problems with sperm movement (asthenozoospermia) Sperm that is completely immobile (necrozoospermia); the sperm may be alive and not moving, or they may be dead Problems with sperm delivery, due to sexual dysfunction, an obstruction, previous vasectomy, or retrograde ejaculation Problems with erections or other sexual problems There are a variety of conditions that may lead to male infertility. Vasoepididymostomy to the Head of the Epididymis: Recovery of Normal Spermatozoal Motility. (PDF, 3 MB)Fertility and Sterility, 1980. History-taking Couples with infertility problem should be interviewed separately as well as together, to bring out important facts that one partner might not wish to disclose to the other.

3  Sometimes, a couple who’ve already had a child can have trouble conceiving again. Blockage of the ejaculatory duct: Sperm can be extracted directly from the testicles and injected into an egg in the laboratory. ED may be the consequence of the conversion of androgens to estradiol.

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Results of one study investigating a cohort of 315 men revealed changes within the hinge region of SF-1 and no rare allelic variants in fertile control men. The severity usually depends on how near to the testicles the radiation was aimed. Surgical Intervention Uterine anomalies can be corrected through operative hysteroscopy under general anesthesia or conscious sedation. [116] Ideally, the procedure should be performed during the early follicular phase and under laparoscopic surveillance to decrease the risk of uterine perforation. In-vitro fertilization and donor insemination are major procedures involved. Optimizing natural fertility: a committee opinion. Three modalities are used to treat myomas: medical treatment, surgical treatment, and embolization.

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Hofherr SE, Wiktor AE, Kipp BR, Dawson DB, Van Dyke DL. Modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors for poor semen quality: a case-referent study. This can make it difficult for the embryo to implant. To Transplant or Not to Transplant – That Is the Question. (PDF, 3 MB) 2010. If no improvement occurs, depending on the amount of functional sperm recovery after the sperm wash, the decision must be made to proceed with either intrauterine insemination or in vitro fertilization. Pelvic inflammatory disease or STIs like chlamydia and gonorrhea may cause these blockages in the fallopian tubes.

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Exposure to chemicals: Pesticides, for example, may increase the risk. License: Public Domain Due to increased levels of prolactin, the pulsatile release of GnRH is inhibited. Sometimes there may be simple ways to make lifestyle adjustments to improve fertility, while other underlying causes may require treatment. ART techniques generally start with stimulating the ovaries to increase egg production. Also, polymorphisms in folate pathway genes could be one reason for fertility complications in some women with unexplained infertility.[62] However, a growing body of evidence suggests that epigenetic modifications in sperm may be partially responsible.[63][64] Diagnosis[edit] If both partners are young and healthy and have been trying to conceive for one year without success, a visit to a physician or women's health nurse practitioner (WHNP) could help to highlight potential medical problems earlier rather than later. When anatomic variance or obstruction is suspected, referral for surgical evaluation and treatment is appropriate. A Physical Map of the Human Y Chromosome. (PDF, 160 KB) Nature, 2001. The fertilized egg is then implanted in the uterus. For intrauterine insemination, in vitro fertilization, and intracytoplasmic sperm injection procedures, the removal of certain components of the ejaculate (ie, seminal fluid, excess cellular debris, leukocytes, morphologically abnormal sperm) with the retention of the motile fraction of sperm is desirable. Laboratory studies have suggested that long-term acetaminophen use during pregnancy may affect fertility in males by lowering testosterone production. On Regenerating the Ovary and Generating Controversy. (PDF, 37 KB) Cell, 2005. Normal Fertilization of Human Oocytes after Testicular Sperm Extraction and Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection.(PDF, 2 MB) Fertility and Sterility, 1994. In this case, your doctor may recommend advanced fertility treatment — assisted reproductive technologies (ART) treatment. It may also prevent the sperm from reaching the egg. As the duration of treatment prolonged, psychological suffering is likely to increase [6]. Cervical factors are also thought to play a minor role, although they are rarely the sole cause. Overweight or obesity: This may reduce the chance of conceiving.